Mounting evidence suggests that information derived from environmental and behavioral sources is represented and maintained in the brain in a context-dependent manner. Here we investigate whether activity patterns underlying movements paced according to an internal temporal representation depend on how that representation is acquired during a previous pacing phase. We further investigate the degree to which context dependence is modulated by different time delays between pacing and continuation. BOLD activity was recorded while subjects moved at a rate established during a pacing interval involving either synchronized or syncopated coordination. Either no-delay or a 3, 6 or 9 s delay was introduced prior to continuation. Context-dependent regions were identified when differences in neural activity generated during pacing continued to be observed during continuation despite the intervening delay. This pattern was observed in pre-SMA, bilateral lateral premotor cortex, bilateral declive and left inferior semi lunar lobule. These regions were more active when continuation followed from syncopation than from synchronization regardless of the delay length putatively revealing a context-dependent neural representation of the temporal interval. Alternatively, task related regions in which coordination-dependent differences did not persist following the delay, included bilateral putamen and supplementary-motor-area. This network may support the differential timing demands of coordination. A classic prefrontal-parietal-temporal working memory network was active only during continuation possibly providing mnemonic support for actively maintaining temporal information during the variable delay. This work provides support for the hypothesis that some timing information is represented in a task-dependent manner across broad cortical and subcortical networks.

Although hypnosis is now less popular as an interviewing technique in forensic investigations than it used to be, recent evidence suggests that some of the components of hypnotic interviewing might still be useful in the development of brief memory facilitation procedures. Two experiments are described which continue this componential approach to hypnotic interviewing. In the fi rst experiment, the effects on episodic memory of a brief context reinstatement (revivication) procedure were examined together with a focused breathing meditation technique which shares similarities with traditional hypnotic induction. A second experiment investigated the effects of horizontal eye movements which some have also associated with hypnotic responding. Results indicated that a combined context reinstatement and focused meditation procedure was more effective than context reinstatement alone in facilitating memory for an emotional event without the increase in false positive errors familiar to more traditional hypnosis techniques. In contrast, an instruction to perform horizontal eye movements was not effective in facilitating memory and, when combined with a suggestion for improved recall, produced higher confi dence in incorrect responses. Implications are discussed.

Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, the causative agent of epizootic lymphangitis (EZL), is endemic in parts of Africa. Diagnosis based on clinical signs and microscopy lacks specificity and is a barrier to further understanding this neglected disease. Here, a nested PCR method targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA operon was validated for application to equine clinical samples. Twenty-nine horses with signs of EZL from different climatic regions of Ethiopia were clinically examined. Blood samples and aspirates of pus from cutaneous nodules were taken, along with blood from a further 20 horses with no cutaneous EZL lesions. Among the 29 horses with suspected cases of EZL, H. capsulatum var. farciminosum was confirmed by extraction of DNA from pus and blood samples from 25 and 17 horses, respectively. Positive PCR results were also obtained with heat-inactivated pus (24 horses) and blood (23 horses) spotted onto Whatman FTA cards. Two positive results were obtained among blood samples from 20 horses that did not exhibit clinical signs of EZL. These are the first reports of the direct detection of H. capsulatum var. farciminosum in equine blood and at high frequency among horses exhibiting cutaneous lesions. The nested PCR outperformed conventional microscopic diagnosis, as characteristic yeast cells could be observed only in 14 pus samples. The presence of H. capsulatum var. farciminosum DNA was confirmed by sequencing the cloned PCR products, and while alignment of the ITS amplicons showed very little sequence variation, there was preliminary single nucleotide polymorphism-based evidence for the existence of two subgroups of H. capsulatum var. farciminosum. This molecular diagnostic method now permits investigation of the epidemiology of EZL.

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This paper presents the simulation results of top nano-grating on solar cell using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. However, compared to other simulation results, we calculated weighted total transmission of solar cell according to Sun spectrum and Silicon photo detector responsivity. Our optimization shows that the top grating with period 200nm, width 40nm, and height 150nm is the optimization structure. This case has 0.45544 total weighted transmission powers and is about 70.9% improvement compared to the non-grating case.