X-ray diagnostics have been developed to characterize a laserproduced x-ray source. A 60 microns diameter x-ray source is obtained by focusing on an Al or Si target the second harmonic of a Nd-Yag laser delivering 1 Joule in 4 ns at 0.53 urn wavelength. A pinhole camera and filtered x-ray diodes are setup permanently and a flat crystal spectrograph has been added to characterize the higher ionization stages and higher electronic temperatures achievable. He-like aluminium is excited and a maximum temperature of a few hundred of eV has been obtained. The diagnostics have been designed to be used with a high repetition rate laser-produced x-ray source.
Ce chapitre dresse un tableau des modes de production et de consommation de viande halal en France en s’interrogeant sur les dynamiques de différenciation et de standardisation de l’offre et les stratégies des acteurs. Les enjeux économiques, réglementaires et productifs sous-jacents à la « transformation » de l’animal et à la certification sont ensuite étudiés du point de vue de la demande et de son articulation avec l’offre.
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