Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common complications of diabetes. Unfortunately, in many cases the patient is not aware of any symptoms until it is too late for effective treatment. Through analysis of evoked potential response of the retina, the optical nerve, and the optical brain center, a way will be paved for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and prognosis during the treatment process. In this paper, we present an artificial-neural-network-based method to classify diabetic retinopathy subjects according to changes in visual evoked potential spectral components and an anatomically realistic computer model of the human eye under normal and retinopathy conditions in a virtual environment using 3D Max Studio and Windows Movie Maker.

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AIMTo identify the various ocular ailments in children with developmental problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS418 children who attended the child development unit in a tertiary care centre during a period of 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analysed. A detailed data sheet which included their socio-demographic details, systemic ailments, ocular examination and correlations analysed. Ophthalmic examination included examination of lid and adnexa, anterior and posterior segment examination and assessment of squint and refraction. RESULTS75 (17.9%) children had history of consanguinity, 72 (17.2%) were preterm. Speech and language problem was seen in 300 (71.8%), developmental delay was the second in the list 240 (57.4%). Refractive error was the leading ocular problem found in 223 (53.35%) and the most common refractive error was hyperopia. Anisometropia in 18 (4.31%). Squint in 19 (4.55%) and nystagmus in 11 (2.6%). Though vitamin A deficiency was diagnosed as a leading cause of blindness in developing countries, xerophthalmia was noted in only 1 (0.2%) child. CONCLUSIONChildren with multi-system involvement are at high risk of visual disabilities and should not be ignored, as these children depend heavily on their vision. There is an increased risk of refractive errors, anisometropia, fusion mechanisms and accommodation and thus orthoptic and optometric support are mandatory. Ocular problems in these children are usually correctable and early diagnosis and treatment will improve their quality of life.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of ocular changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and co-relate the ophthalmic changes and severity of the disease with visual outcome. Methods and Material: This is a retrospective study conducted from a hospital-based cohort of pregnant women, who delivered from June 2018 to December 2020. A total of 153 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of PIH admitted in the obstetric ward were included in this study. History with regard to age, parity, gravida, gestational age, medical history, and ocular findings were noted from the patient’s case records. Anterior segment examination, dilated fundus evaluation, blood pressure (BP) recordings, urine proteinuria were done. All data were analyzed using the satistical package for social science (SPSS) program. Results: Out of 153 patients, 78 (50.98%) were primigravida, 55 (35.95%) were gravida 2, and 20 (13.07%) were multigravida. Gestational age ranged from 23–40 weeks. Ocular changes were seen in 57% of the PIH patients. Hypertensive retinopathy was seen in 23.53% of PIH patients with a mean age of 29.06 ± 4.36 years. Grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy was the most common manifestation in PIH patients (51.16%). The visual loss occurred in 72% of eclampsia and12% of pre-eclampsia which was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Papilledema was seen in 6% and refractive error in 41% of the patients. Conclusions: Ocular examination of PIH patients reveals important objective information concerning the disorder. The presence of retinal change is a marker of the severity of PIH and is the most common ocular feature. Detection of progression of these changes reflects ischemic changes of the placenta. Fundus examination in PIH patients is important to predict adverse fetal outcomes, and risks to mother’s life.

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