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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents with spinal cord injury (SCI) and spina bifida (SB), and their associations with obesity in subjects with and without SCI and SB.Methods: Fifty-four subjects (20 SCI and 34 SB) age 11 to 20 years with mobility impairments from lower extremity paraparesis were recruited from a hospital-based clinic. Sixty able-bodied subjects who were oversampled for obesity served as controls (CTRL). Subjects were categorized as obese if their percent trunk fat measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was .30.0% for males and .35.0% for females. Ten SCI, 24 SB, and 19 CTRL subjects were classified as obese. Fasting serum samples were collected to determine serum glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations. Metabolic syndrome was defined as having !3 of the following components: (a) obesity; (b) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ,45 mg/dL for males; ,50 mg/dL for females; (c) triglycerides !100 mg/dL; (d) systolic or diastolic blood pressure !95th percentile for age/ height/gender, and (e) insulin resistance determined by either fasting serum glucose 100-125 mg/dL; fasting insulin !20lU /mL; or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance !4.0.Results: Metabolic syndrome was identified in 32.4% of the SB group and 55% of the SCI group. Metabolic syndrome occurred at a significantly higher frequency in obese subjects (SB ¼ 45.8%, SCI ¼ 100%, CTRL ¼ 63.2%) than nonobese subjects (SB ¼ 0%, SCI ¼ 10%, CTRL ¼ 2.4%). Conclusions:The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents with SB/SCI is quite high, particularly in obese individuals. These findings have important implications due to the known risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus associated with metabolic syndrome in adults, particularly those with spinal cord dysfunction.

3-CPA when applied to peach moves slowly, accumulating in the margins and veins of leaves, and the epidermal and sub-epidermal layers in the fruit and the micropylar end of the ovule. Equal degrees of fruit thinning resulted when fruit or leaves alone were treated with 3-CPA. Treating both leaves and fruit resulted in an additive thinning effect. Uniform spray coverage is emphasized to obtain uniform thinning results.

Obesity is a suggested risk factor for several diseases, for example, ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, and gallstones,1 that show geographical variation in incidence/prevalence within Britain. However, little is known about the geographical distribution of obesity.' Our objective was to obtain preliminary data on the distributions of height and weight in two towns with different reported incidences of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).3 In Chester, the annual incidence was measured as 8 per 100 000 population aged 18-50 years per annum; in Stoke-on-Trent it was 22 per 100 000. Chester has 'better' and Stoke-on-Trent 'worse' socioeconomic conditions.3A sample of 1249 men and 1363 women resident in Chester, and 1029 men and 1035 women resident in Stoke-on-Trent, aged 50-59 years was randomly selected from Family Practitioner Committee registers. A self-administered questionnaire asking for present height and weight and maximum weight ever (other than during pregnancy) was sent to each subject. Self-reported heights and weights have been shown to be valid,4 even in groups where poor results might be expected, such as the severely overweight.5The response rate in each town after two mailings was 66% after allowing for the 163 subjects in Chester and 222 subjects in Stoke-on-Trent who were registered but had moved or died. The results are given in the table.The table shows that men and women in Chester were on average taller than in Stoke-on-Trent, the difference being statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in weight. The average BMI was significantly greater in Stoke-on-Trent for men when based on present weight and for both men and women when based on maximum weight ever. Of the men who were obese at some time, two-thirds were no longer obese at the time of the study; of the women who were obese at some time, just under half were no longer obese. It appears that community differences in the prevalence of obesity based on maximum weight ever may be greater than those based on present weight, and this may have important implications when assessing the relation between obesity and disease in different communities.

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