Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is a unifocal mucosal or cutaneous ulcer that is histologically characterized by proliferating EBV-positive atypical B cells. While EBVMCU demonstrates a histology similar to that of EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), their clinical behavior differs.Thus, characterizing distinguishing features of EBVMCU and EBV-positive DLBCL is critical. To identify unique characteristics between EBVMCU and lymphoma, we analyzed the clinicopathological and genetic features of 34 Japanese patients with EBVMCU and compared them to those of 24 EBV-positive DLBCL patients and 25 EBV-negative DLBCL patients. All patients with EBVMCU had localized ulcerative lesions, and 31 patients (91%) were using immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate (MTX) or hydroxycarbamide. All patients that were followed up with exhibited good prognosis following immunosuppressant reduction or chemotherapy. Additionally, 17 EBV-positive DLBCL patients, and 15 EBV-negative DLBCL patients, received chemotherapy (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Our data showed that EBVMCU did not increase indicators associated with lymphoma prognosis, such as soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared to those in the EBV-positive DLBCL or EBV-negative DLBCL groups (sIL-2R, P < 0.001, P = 0.025; LDH, P = 0.018, P = 0.038, respectively). However, histologically, EBVMCU exhibited EBV-positive, variable-sized, atypical B-cell proliferation. Thus, EBVMCU was histologically classified as: (1) polymorphous; (2) large cell-rich; (3) classic Hodgkin lymphoma-like; and (4) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma-like.Moreover, genetic analysis showed that immunoglobin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangement did not differ significantly between EBVMCU and EBV-positive DLBCL (44% vs. 32%; P = 0.377), or between EBVMCU and EBV-negative DLBCL (44% vs. 58%; P = 0.280). Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish EBVMCU from EBV-positive DLBCL using only pathological and genetic findings, suggesting that clinical information is important in accurately distinguishing between EBVMCU and EBV-positive DLBCL.

Thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis, renal insufficiency, and organomegaly (TAFRO) syndrome is a heterogeneous entity manifesting with a constellation of symptoms described above that can occur in the context of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) as well as infectious diseases, malignancies, and rheumatologic disorders. So, iMCD-TAFRO is an aggressive subtype of iMCD with TAFRO syndrome and often hyper-vascularized lymph nodes. Since we proposed diagnostic Yoshito Nishimura and Noriko Iwaki contributed equally to this study.

Titration of a salt-free solution of native staphylococcal nuclease by HCl leads to an unfolding transition in the vicinity of pH 4, as determined by near-and far-UV circular dichroism. At pH 2-3, the protein is substantially unfolded. The addition of further HCI results in a second transition, this one to a more structured species (the A state) with the properties of an expanded molten globule, namely substantial secondary structure, little or no tertiary structure, relatively compact size as determined by hydrodynamic radius, and the ability to bind the hydrophobic dye I-anilino-%naphthalene sulfonic acid. The addition of anions, in the form of neutral salts, to the acid-unfolded state at pH 2 also causes a transition leading to the A state. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the amide I band was used to compare the amount and type of secondary structure in the native and A states.A significant decrease in a-helix structure, with a corresponding increase in 6 or extended structure, was observed in the A state, compared to the native state. A model to account for such compact denatured states is proposed.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) was first described as a lymphoproliferative disorder in 2010. EBVMCU is a unifocal mucosal or cutaneous ulcer that often occurs after local trauma in patients with immunosuppression; the patients generally have a good prognosis. It is histologically characterized by proliferating EBV-positive atypical B cells accompanied by ulcers. On the basis of conventional pathologic criteria, EBVMCU may be misdiagnosed as EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or other lymphomas. However, its prognosis differs from that of EBV-associated lymphomas, in that patients with EBVMCU frequently show spontaneous regression or complete remission without chemotherapy. Therefore, EBVMCU is now recognized as a low-grade malignancy or a pseudo-malignant lesion. Avoiding unnecessary chemotherapy by distinguishing EBVMCU from other EBV-associated lymphomas will reduce the burden and unnecessary harm on patients. On the basis of these facts, EBVMCU was first described as a new clinicopathological entity by the World Health Organization in 2017. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological characteristics of previously reported EBVMCU cases, while focusing on up-to-date clinical, pathological, and genetic aspects.

Mung bean sprouts turn brown during cold storage. Here we showed that heat-shock treatment inhibited this browning by repressing the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the biosynthesis of polyphenols during cold storage. Mung bean sprouts were soaked in warm water at 50℃ for 60 s as heat-shock treatment and then stored at 8℃ for 6 days. Heat-shocked mung bean sprout turned less brown than that of the control sprout. The PAL activity in the control significantly increased during cold storage, while that in heat-shocked mung bean sprouts did not. The polyphenol content in heat-shocked mung bean sprouts was lower than that in the control at 3 and 6 days. There was no significant difference in polyphenol oxidase activity between the control and heat-shocked mung bean sprouts during cold storage. These results show that mild heat treatment inhibited the enzymatic browning of mung bean sprouts by repressing the induction of PAL activity during cold storage and the accumulation of polyphenols.