Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is accompanied by inflammatory and immune responses. However, due to the repeated bout effect, there will probably be less EIMD. Hence, the purpose was to investigate inflammatory and immune responses over a three-day period of downhill running in active females. Eleven moderately trained healthy females performed three 60-minute bouts of downhill running in -13.5% grade, separated by 24 hours, at a speed eliciting 70-80% of their VO2peak on level grade. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), range of motion (ROM) and maximum knee isotonic strength (1RM) were measured pre- and two-hour post every bout. Blood variables, including CBC, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), IL-10, IL-6 and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured at 1 hour before the first bout and two hours after every bout. Data was analysed by repeated measure ANOVA (P<0.05). Although CK, LDH, Mb, IL-10, IL-6, MCP-1, total leukocyte count, monocytes and neutrophils increased significantly following the first bout, CK, LDH, Mb, IL-10, monocytes and neutrophils were only significantly higher following the third bout compared to the baseline (all P<0.05). Moreover, IL-10 and IL-6 decreased following the second and third bouts compared to the first bout (P<0.05). In comparison with the baseline, lymphocytes decreased after the second bout, DOMS increased following the second and third bouts, 1RM decreased following the first and second bouts (all P<0.05). ROM showed no significant difference. The three-day period of downhill running did not exacerbate EIMD and inflammatory response was partly attenuated.

Background and aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of interval training and resveratrol consumption on the regulatory and executive factors of hepatocyte apoptosis in male rats with diabetes. Methods: Frothy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy control, diabetic, saline diabetic, resveratrol supplement, intermittent exercise, and resveratrol+intermittent exercise groups. The interval training program consisted of 8 weeks of training with an intensity of 50%-70% of the maximum oxygen consumption. Resveratrol was injected in two training groups with resveratrol supplement and resveratrol+supplement at a dose of 20 mg. Results: The concentrations of caspase-3 and BAX in diabetic saline and diabetic groups were significantly higher than in control groups (P=0.001). On the other hand, Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) levels in diabetic saline and diabetic were significantly lower than in the control groups (P=0.001). The concentration of the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in diabetic and diabetic saline was significantly higher compared to control groups (P=0.001) The effect of interval training, administration of resveratrol alone, or especially with interval training caused a significant decrease in the concentration of BAX and caspase-3 (P=0.001), a significant increase in the mean Bcl-2 concentration (P=0.001), and a significant decrease in the mean BAX/Bcl-2 ratio (P=0.001) in male rats with diabetes compared with the diabetic and diabetic groups. Conclusion: The combined effect of eight-week resveratrol supplementation and interval training decreased apoptosis markers, while it increased the concentration of Bcl-2 in male rats with type 2 diabetes.