Currently, conventional pre-clinical in vitro studies are primarily based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models, which are usually limited in mimicking the real three-dimensional (3D) physiological conditions, cell heterogeneity, cell to cell interaction, and extracellular matrix (ECM) present in living tissues. Traditionally, animal models are used to mimic the 3D environment of tissues and organs, but they suffer from high costs, are time consuming, bring up ethical concerns, and still present many differences when compared to the human body. The applications of microfluidic-based 3D cell culture models are advantageous and useful as they include 3D multicellular model systems (MCMS). These models have demonstrated potential to simulate the in vivo 3D microenvironment with relatively low cost and high throughput. The incorporation of monitoring capabilities in the MCMS has also been explored to evaluate in real time biophysical and chemical parameters of the system, for example temperature, oxygen, pH, and metabolites. Electrochemical sensing is considered as one of the most sensitive and commercially adapted technologies for bio-sensing applications. Amalgamation of electrochemical biosensing with cell culture in microfluidic devices with improved sensitivity and performance are the future of 3D systems. Particularly in cancer, such models with integrated sensing capabilities can be crucial to assess the multiple parameters involved in tumour formation, proliferation, and invasion. In this review, we are focusing on existing 3D cell culture systems with integrated electrochemical sensing for potential applications in cancer models to advance diagnosis and treatment. We discuss their design, sensing principle, and application in the biomedical area to understand the potential relevance of miniaturized electrochemical hybrid systems for the next generation of diagnostic platforms for precision medicine.

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Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso definitivo. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo e de abordagem quantitativa. Foram analisados 139 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso definitivo no ano de 2021 em um hospital de referência em procedimentos cardiovasculares na cidade de Teresina/Piauí. Resultados: Predominou sexo masculino (61,9%), com média de idade de 70 anos. As principais comorbidades foram:  hipertensão (79,9%), diabetes mellitus (25,2%) e dislipidemia (14,4%), e os grupos de medicamentos usados, anti-hipertensivos (73,4%), antidiabéticos (14,4%), antidislipidêmicos (17,3%), anticoagulantes (11,5%) e outros (21,6%). As principais indicações para o procedimento de implante de marcapasso definitivo foram: Bloqueio Atrioventricular (81,3%) e Disfunção de Nó Sinusal (15,1%), com manifestações clínicas de tontura (59%), pré-síncope (48,9%) e síncope (40,3%). Evidenciado (0,7%) de complicações nos registros analisados. Conclusão:  A pesquisa mostrou a importância do implante de marcapasso definitivo e sua complexidade, pela gravidade dos pacientes indicados, suas comorbidades e fatores de risco, bem como o tipo de patologia que levou à indicação.