Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis alpha, less CD4 interferon-gamma expression, and fewer CD4 and CD8 cells, which increase the susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. One such opportunistic fungal infection is mucormycosis. Initially, it was debated whether a person taking immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies will be at higher risk for COVID-19 or whether the immunosuppresive state would cause a more severe COVID-19 disease. However, immunosuppressants are currently continued unless the patients are at greater risk of severe COVID-19 infection or are on high-dose corticosteroids therapy. As understood so far, COVID-19 infection may induce significant and persistent lymphopenia, which in turn increases the risk of opportunistic infections. It is also noted that 85% of the COVID-19 patients’ laboratory findings showed lymphopenia. This means that patients with severe COVID-19 have markedly lower absolute number of T lymphocytes, CD4+T and CD8+ T cells and, since the lymphocytes play a major role in maintaining the immune homeostasis, the patients with COVID-19 are highly susceptible to fungal co-infections. This report is intended to raise awareness of the importance of early detection and treatment of mucormycosis and other fungal diseases, such as candidiasis, SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and cryptococcal disease, in COVID-19 patients, to reduce the risk of mortality.

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an on-going global health emergency affecting over 94 million cases with more than 2 million deaths globally. Primarily identified as atypical pneumonia, it has developed into severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a multi-organ dysfunction with associated fatality. Ever since its emergence, COVID-19 with its plethora of clinical presentations has signalled its dynamic nature and versatility of the disease process. Being a disease with droplet transmission has now assumed the proportion of a suspected airborne nature which, once proved, poses a Herculean task to control. Because of the wide distribution of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE2) receptors, known for its transmission, we envisage its multiorgan spread and extensive disease distribution. Thus, an extensive review of the extrapulmonary organotropism of SARS-CoV-2 with organ-specific pathophysiology and associated manifestations like dermatological complications, myocardial dysfunction, gastrointestinal symptoms, neurologic illnesses, hepatic and renal injury is needed urgently. The plausible mechanism of site-specific viral invasion is also discussed to give a comprehensive understanding of disease complexity, to help us to focus on research priorities and therapeutic strategies to counter the disease progression. A note on the latest advancements in vaccine research will enlighten the scientific world and equip it for better preparedness.

Purpose of the Study: This paper aims to investigate the effects of IR4.0 on literature teaching and education at the university level. In addition, this paper will also investigate the extent to which the literature field could prepare itself for the impact of IR4.0. Methodology: This study is based on Qualitative Research Method. With this method researcher achieved an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. Also, the narrative method is used in this conceptual article. Findings: The graduates who aspire to go into the working world should be able to compete in the job market by equipping themselves with the skills needed to face the industrial revolution. This task requires the cooperation of everyone involved to be realised. Among the skills that graduates today should possess is the ability to produce performance as expected by the employers. Applications of the study: For the new curriculum to meet the needs of IR4.0, it should be grounded on the effort to increase knowledge in the field of literature without disregarding literature knowledge itself in the pursuit of connecting literature with other knowledge disciplines. University curriculum should be given due attention to prepare for IR4.0. The existing curriculum should be rearranged and realigned according to the trust of IR4.0. Novelty: Literature students and graduates need to shift from the perspective that the literature field needs to only focus on traditional matters without addressing the current time and needs. Aspirations in IR4.0 should be the catalyst and the direction for literature to meet the current career prospects which put more emphasis on digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

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