Sepsis is the most frequent cause of death in non-coronary intensive care units (ICUs). In the past 10 years, progress has been made in the early identification of septic patients and in their treatment and these improvements in support and therapy mean that the mortality is gradually decreasing but it still remains unacceptably high. Leaving clinical diagnosis aside, the laboratory diagnostics represent a complex range of investigations that can place significant demands on the system given the speed of response required. There are hundreds of biomarkers which could be potentially used for diagnosis and prognosis in septic patients. The main attributes of successful markers would be high sensitivity, specificity, possibility of bed-side monitoring, and financial accessibility. Only a fraction is used in routine clinical practice because many lack sufficient sensitivity or specificity. The following review gives a short overview of the current epidemiology of sepsis, its pathogenesis and state-of-the-art knowledge on the use of specific biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in its diagnostics. Prospective approaches towards discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers have been shortly mentioned.

Sepsis is a common and serious health problem whereby improvements in diagnosis are crucial in increasing survival rates. To test whether profiling transcription is applicable to sepsis diagnosis, we analyzed whole blood using a microarray containing probes for 340 genes relevant to inflammation. The patient's gene expression pattern was highly homogenous, resulting in 69% of differentially expressed genes. With a positive predictive value of 98%, a list of 50 differentially expressed genes was compiled, and randomly chosen transcripts were confirmed by PCR. Here, we present the first evidence that microarrays can identify typical gene expression profiles in the blood of patients with severe sepsis. Regardless of the heterogeneity of the patients, we observed a striking correlation between the conventional diagnostic classification and our approach. The unity of responses suggests that the principle of this multiparameter approach can be adapted to early stage sepsis diagnosis.

Introduction The present study was conducted to assess the value of serum concentration of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and septic shock with respect to its ability to differentiate between infectious and noninfectious etiologies in SIRS and to predict prognosis. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Sixty-eight patients, admitted consecutively to the intensive care unit and who met criteria for SIRS, sepsis or septic shock were included. Serum LBP was measured using an immunochemiluminiscence assay. Results Serum levels of LBP were significantly increased in patients with SIRS ( n = 40; median 30.6 μg/ml, range 9.2–79.5 μg/ml), sepsis ( n = 19; median 37.1 μg/ml, range 11.8–76.2 μg/ml) and septic shock ( n = 9; median 59.7 μg/ml, range 31.1–105 μg/ml), as compared with levels in the healthy volunteers (5.1 ± 2.2 μg/ml; P < 0.0001). Serum LBP at study entry was statistically significantly lower in patients with SIRS than in those with septic shock ( P < 0.014); no statistically significant difference existed between patients with SIRS and those with sepsis ( P = 0.61). Specificity and sensitivity of an LBP concentration of 29.8 μg/ml to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious etiologies for SIRS were 50% and 74.2%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in LBP concentration between survivors and nonsurvivors in both groups of patients. Furthermore, in septic patients the LBP response appeared to exhibit a decreased magnitude. Conclusion LBP is a nonspecific marker of the acute phase response and cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between infectious and noninfectious etiologies of SIRS.

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative kinetics of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) with different immunosuppressive regimens.

Sepsis is a multifactorial clinical syndrome with an extremely dynamic clinical course and with high diverse clinical phenotype. Early diagnosis is crucial for the final clinical outcome. Previous studies have not identified a biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis which would have sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Identification of the infectious agents or the use of molecular biology, next gene sequencing, has not brought significant benefit for the patient in terms of early diagnosis. Therefore, we are currently searching for biomarkers, through "omics" technologies with sufficient diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, able to predict the clinical course of the disease and the patient response to therapy. Current progress in the use of systems biology technologies brings us hope that by using big data from clinical trials such biomarkers will be found.