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The Frahn–Venter and McIntyre models are employed to analyze the experimental data of a set of elastic scattering reactions for heavy ions. The existence of semi-classical phenomena such as Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction patterns has been obtained by analyzing the experimental data of a set of elastic scattering reactions 12 C + 28 Si at laboratory energies 24.0, 49.3, 70.0, 83.5, and 186.4 MeV, 16 O + 28 Si at laboratory energies 72.0, 141.5, and 215.0 MeV, 16 O + 16 O at laboratory energies 145.0 and 350.0 MeV, 16 O + 12 C at laboratory energies 128.0 and 168.0 MeV; 12 C + 12 C at laboratory energies 89.7, 93.8, 105.0, 112.0, 117.1, 121.6, 126.7, and 158.8 MeV. The theoretical models can reasonably reproduce the general pattern of the data, thus allowing us to extract important parameters from elastic scattering processes. Deviations of some reproduced results from experimental data may be attributed to weak absorption. It is found that interpretation of the diffraction features of the data is model-independent. The values of extracted parameters, from both models, are found comparable to each other and to those of others. The correlation between the total reaction cross-section and the incident laboratory energy for each scattering is discernible and comparable with those of others.

An approximate scheme is formulated and used to calculate ground state energies for [Formula: see text] system (q=u,d,s; Q=c,b) with Cornell potential. It is shown that predicted values agree well with the D and B masses. Spin-dependent potential and relativistic corrections are taken into account, We find that B and ηb mesons lie close to masses ( GeV ) m(B*)=5.33, [Formula: see text], m(Bs)=5.39, and m(ηb)=9.32. The ordering of 1p levels for [Formula: see text] system is discussed.

Working within the framework of the Coulomb-modified Glauber model, we instead of conventionally using the Gaussian approximation to the basic input nucleon–nucleon (NN) amplitude, evaluate it from a three-parameter phenomenological NN phase shift function. At a given projectile energy the parameters of the NN phase shift function are varied to fit the α–nucleus elastic-scattering data. It is found that once the parameters of the NN phase shift function are fixed, it very nicely reproduces the available elastic α–scattering data on other nuclei at the same energy. By applying this procedure, a reasonably good account of elastic-scattering data for α–40–48Ca,58Ni,116Sn and 208Pb have been achieved in the energy range about 0.2 GeV–1.37 GeV.