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The aim of this work was to know the anthelmintic resistance (AR) status of a Spanish sheep flock infected by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and the possible cross resistance among anthelmintics of the macrocyclic lactones (ML) family. The Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out to check the efficacy of albendazole (Zodalben®), levamisole (LEV) (Endex®) and an oral formulation of ivermectin (IVM) (Oramec®), at the recommended dose rates. Then, the study was extended to check the cross resistance between drugs of the ML family: injectable IVM (Ivomec®), oral moxidectin (Cydectin®), injectable moxidectin (Biodectin®) and doramectin (Dectomax®), at the recommended dose rates. The GIN species were identified after faecal cultures in all groups. The FECRT showed the resistance of a Teladorsagia circumcincta isolate against LEV (39-58%), IVM (88-92%) and doramectin (85%). This study is the first report to confirm the side resistance between these MLs, which belong to the avermectin chemical group, in a Spanish sheep flock. The in vitro efficacy of LEV and IVM was measured by the Larval Feeding Inhibition Assay (LFIA) using the IC(50) measurement (concentration needed to inhibit the ingestion of 50% L1). The values of the multidrug resistant isolate were 0.25 μg/ml for LEV and 3 ng/ml for IVM. Both results were higher than the values obtained with a susceptible isolate, which could be indicative of AR. However, further research examining the response of a greater range of susceptible and resistant nematodes isolates should be carried out to establish a discrimination threshold.

We have evaluated the efficacy in sheep of a combination drench formulation at the recommended dose rate of 0.2 mg moxidectin/kg bodyweight and 10 mg triclabendazole/kg bodyweight against an experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica and a natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. We confirmed that the efficacy of reducing fecal egg output was 98.3% for trichostrongyle eggs and 100% for F. hepatica eggs. Based on adult worm and fluke recovery, the efficacy varied according to the target species. A reduction was found in the number of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., and Trichuris spp. greater than 95%, but the efficacy for Oesophagostomum spp. varied, with values below 90%. The reduction in F. hepatica was higher than 95% for all stages. The effectiveness of the formulation was also confirmed by an increase in total proteins and albumin following treatment.