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Aim:Studies on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths infection in Banaraja fowls of three blocks (Chandua, Shamakhunta and Bangriposi) of Mayurbhanj district in Odisha with respect to semi-intensive system of rearing.Materials and Methods:A total of 160 Banaraja birds (30 males and 130 females) belonging to two age groups (below 1 month age and above 1 month) were examined for the presence of different species of gastrointestinal helminth infection over a period of 1-year. The method of investigation included collection of fecal sample and gastrointestinal tracts, examination of fecal sample of birds, collection of parasites from different part of gastrointestinal tract, counting of parasites, and examination of the collected parasites by standard parasitological techniques followed by morphological identification as far as possible up to the species level.Results:Overall, 58.75% birds were found infected with various gastrointestinal helminths. Total five species of parasites were detected that included Ascaridia galli (25.63%), Heterakis gallinarum (33.75%), Raillietina tetragona (46.25%), Raillietina echinobothrida (11.87%), and Echinostoma revolutum (1.87%). Both single (19.15%) as well as mixed (80.85%) infection were observed. Highest incidence of infection was observed during rainy season (68.88%) followed by winter (66.66%) and least in summer season (41.81%). Sex-wise incidence revealed slightly higher occurrence among females (59.23%) than males (56.67%). Age-wise prevalence revealed that chicks were more susceptible (77.77%) than adults (51.30%) to gastrointestinal helminths infection.Conclusions:Present study revealed that mixed infection with gastrointestinal helminths of different species was more common than infection with single species and season-wise prevalence was higher in rainy season followed by winter and summer. Chicks were found to be more prone to this parasitic infection and a slight higher prevalence among female birds was observed.

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Tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases (TBDs) are most common in tropical and subtropical regions across the world because of the high prevalence of tick vectors. Among these, Babesiosis, Hepatozoonosis andTrypanosomiasis are the major TBDs affecting the canine species. Affected dogs usually exhibit clinical manifestations like anorexia, lethargic conditions, anaemia, icterus and often death in severe cases. The haematological profile of the affected dogs shows alterations in blood cell counts like thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia etc. This present review depicts in details the epidemiology, pathogenesis and different diagnostic approaches like microscopic examinations, serological and molecular nucleic acid based tools as the aid for diagnosis.

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