Despite success in tuberculosis control, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh is increasing and currently multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis rate is 3.6% in new cases and 19% in re-treatment cases. This study focused on determination of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis which is warranted for effective prevention strategy. An unmatched case control study was conducted in 2010. Purposively recruited 136 culture-proved multi-drug-resistant- tuberculosis cases and 152 cured tuberculosis patients were interviewed. Associations between exposure and outcome variables were initially tested by chi2-test, t-test. A result was considered significant at p value < 0.05. Effects of exposure variables were also assessed after adjusting for other variables by binary logistic regression models. Crude and adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was computed. Younger age (p = 0.008) and, peri-urban locality (p = 0.002) were associated with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. History of contact (p < 0.001) and tuberculosis in the past (p < 0.001) were four and eight times, respectively, more likely to influence multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Regularity [Odds Ratio 0.05; 95% Confidence Interval (0.01 to 0.39)] and always observation of treatment [Odds Ratio 0.25; 95% Confidence Interval (0.10 to 0.61)], sputum conversion [Odds Ratio 0.02; 95% Confidence Interval (0.01 to 0.08)] negatively associated with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Gender and socio-economic status did not show any influence. Treatment course and sputum conversion was the best predictors. Like other developing countries adequacy of treatment is the most important exposure variable. Strengthening of control activities might contribute in preventing development of resistance in tuberculosis patients.
Results A total of 1894 adults participated in the study, of which 57.4% were women. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 58% and 23.8%, respectively. About 40% of the participants reported they perceived their weight as normal. However, when selfperceived body weight was indirectly assessed, 63.3% reported a desire to weigh less. Among the overweight and obese participants, 61% and 86.4% perceived themselves as fat or very fat, respectively, and reported a desire to weigh less. Conclusion In this sample with high prevalences of overweight and obesity, most participants perceived their excess weight and reported a desire to weigh less. This seems an ideal setting for the implementation of interventions targeting weight loss and promoting healthy habits.
change intervention by community volunteers for 12 months. A baseline, midterm and follow-up study were carried out during entire period of this intervention.Results After 1 year of community based intervention, knowledge on iron richer food increased and causes of anaemia decreased from 62.9% to 82.2% and 86.1% to 71.5% respectively. Knowledge on symptoms and ways to prevent anaemia has also increased. It was found that more than two third (78.7%) of participants has the knowledge on number of iron tablets required per month. After the intervention ended around 16.7% adolescents were taking iron tablet regularly meanwhile when iron folate supplementation was distributed free of cost and after that when it was sold door to door by the Community Volunteers (CVs) the rate was 94% and 28.5% respectively. Conclusions Despite of the knowledge and positive attitude towards taking iron tablets, practice is not quite satisfactory, which might be due to nature of consumer and psychological behaviour along with inaccessibility of pharmacy is far away from the villages.
the AIDS epidemic, KS incidence in Bulawayo was similar to that in Kyadondo in both genders; however, in men it became higher in Harare than Kyadondo during the AIDS epidemic, thus seeming to follow the geographical distribution of HIV prevalence. In women, the geographical pattern of KS appeared independent of HIV prevalence. In the populations studied, despite HIV prevalence being higher in females than males, KS incidence was higher in males than females. Conclusion HIV prevalence could have different impacts on KS incidence, possibly explained by other risk factor exposures. Furthermore, a higher risk of KS emergence in men or increased risk factor exposure in men could explain the gender differences. Background Interventions aimed at preventing risky behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood have largely focused on single risk behaviours and a limited number of underlying predictors. Interventions that take a broader approach to reducing risk behaviour may more effectively and efficiently reduce multiple risk behaviours. Methods We performed a systematic review to identify experimental studies of interventions to reduce risk behaviour in adolescents or young adults and that reported on any substance (alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug) use and sexual risk behaviour outcomes. Results From 1129 articles, 18 experimental studies met our inclusion criteria, which were heterogeneous in nature and design. Study results were mixed, with programmes generally impacting on some outcome measures, but not others. The most promising interventions addressed multiple domains (individual and peer, family, school and community) of risk and protective factors for risk behaviour. There was some evidence that intervening in the early-to mid childhood school years has a high impact on later risk behaviour. Conclusions We found few studies that demonstrated a consistent, significant and sustained impact on risk behaviours. However, there is some evidence that programmes can have a long-term impact on multiple risk behaviours, with the most promising interventions addressing multiple domains of risk and protective factors. Complex interventions therefore need to be developed in the context of effective cross-sector engagement and collaboration. Furthermore, the current focus on investing in pre-school "early years" programmes should be extended to include the early-to mid-childhood school years. Introduction In developed and developing countries young people are at increased risk of obesity. Obesity is associated with chronic disease including Type II Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to measure obesity. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of overweight among medical students in Nepal according to sex, ethnicity and diet (vegetarian/non-vegetarian). Most environmental health issues are multi causal with complex non-linear relationships between the environment and health. New tools and methods are needed to assist policy and decision making that cut across tradi...
Introduction Road traffic accidents (RTA) with their serious social and economic consequences, though preventable, comprise an important cause of death and disability in developing countries, where the problem is increasing rapidly due to rapid motorisation. Nearly three-quarters of road deaths occur in developing countries. It is estimated that RTA will be the second leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020. This study aims to describe quantitatively the RTAs related mortality in Alexandria, and to identify their trends through 2000e2009. Methods Data were collected from records of the information and decision support center in Alexandria. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 for windows software. Trends were evaluated using time series seasonal decomposition and ARIMA analyses. Different risks were determined using Poisson regression.Results RTA mortality followed a significant rising trend (cubic model) with the highest incidence rate being in 2008 and 2009. Months from July to October showed the highest seasonal factors. Males were more than three times at risk than females. RTA mortality occurred with a higher incidence for ages above 60 years old and youth (university ages). Also higher rates were calculated for poor and remote districts. Conclusion Policy makers in Alexandria, Egypt need to recognise Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) as a growing public health crisis, design appropriate policy responses and implement urgent interventions for road safety applicable to the particular mix of Egyptian road use. Introduction Rapid socioeconomic development in Japan since beginning of the Seven Countries Study in 1958 has brought remarkable changes in lifestyle and dietary patterns. We investigated the relationship between time trends in nutrient intake and serum cholesterol levels in a Japanese cohort of the Seven Countries Study, in Tanushimaru, a typical farming town on Kyushu Island. Methods Subjects totalled 628 in 1958, 539 in 1977, 602 in 1982, 752 in 1989, 402 in 1999, and 329 in 2009, and all of the subjects were men aged 40e64 years. Eating patterns were evaluated by 24 h dietary recall from 1958 through 1989, and by a food frequency questionnaire in 1999 and 2009. We also measured serum cholesterol levels in each health examination. Results The total daily energy intake decreased from 2837 kcal in 1958 to 2289 kcal in 2009. The carbohydrate intake in percentage of total daily energy intake decreased markedly, from 84% in 1958 to 58% in 2009, in contrast to large increases during this period in protein intake (from 11% to 16%) and fat intake (from 5% to 22%). In proportion to P1-66
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