Producing the energy power that meets the load demands at a minimum cost while satisfying the constraints is known as economic dispatch. Economic dispatch becomes one of the most complex problems in the planning and operation of a power system that aims to determine the optimal generation scheduling at minimum cost. For that reason many optimization researches on finding an optimal solution regarding the total cost of generation have been carried out. This paper presents the implementation of the extension of the PSO (E-PSO) system in solving the continuous nonlinear function of the cost curves of the generator. In this paper, a 6-unit generation system has been applied to show the effectiveness of the E-PSO compared to the standard PSO. The results show that E-PSO is capable in solving the economic dispatch problem in term of minimizing the total cost of generation while considering the generator limits and transmission losses.

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Breakdown voltage in gases is determined in different various electrodes gaps and geometries. There is a mathematical equation had been developed throughout experimental work, but when considering the physical and environmental factor such as humidity, temperature and pressure, the mathematical equation is limited to express the breakdown voltage. Taking into account this problem, Dimensional Analysis (DA) is used to show the relationship between the factors such as physical parameter and environmental condition that contribute to the breakdown voltage. The mathematical equation has been developed from a set of variables into a set of dimensionless product which provide relationship between the parameters. The mathematical equation model is then used to study the characteristics of breakdown voltage. In order to validate and finalize the developed equation, simulations have been conducted using the experimental data from the previous works. Comparative study between previous experimental works with simulation results have been done as the results are almost similar.

The advance in technology has negatively affected to a home as crime rate is increasing as well as any other emergency case due to lack of awareness on security and safety when a person are on vacation. Overall, the paper presents the design of the security of home against intruders, fire and leakage of gas by alarming the specific person via Short Message Service (SMS) through Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem. The system required the integration of PIC16F877A microcontroller with input and output devices such as GSM module, gas detector, vibration sensor, LDR sensor, keypad and magnetic door lock. The home security system has a special feature which is capable to send an immediate alert message to both homeowner and relevant civil authorities in order to prevent the incidents grow critically. Besides, the security system also provides a door lock security system that required a password entering by using a keypad. Finally, the system is able to send sms to both home owner and the authority bodies has been discussed.