This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Malaysia. Time series data from 1990 to 2019 were utilized using the bounds testing (ARDL) approach followed by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The DOLS estimate findings show that the energy usage coefficient is positive and significant with CO 2 emissions, indicating a 1% increase in energy consumption is related to a 0.91% rise in CO 2 emissions. In addition, the coefficient of agricultural land is positive, which indicates that agricultural land expansion by 1% is associated with an increase in CO 2 emissions by 0.84% in the long run. Furthermore, the forested area coefficient is negative, which means that decreasing 1% of the wooded area (i.e., deforestation) has a long-term effect of 5.41% increased CO 2 emissions. Moreover, the pairwise Granger causality test results show bidirectional causality between deforestation and energy use; and unidirectional causality from energy use to CO 2 emissions, agricultural land expansion to CO 2 emissions, deforestation to CO 2 emissions, agricultural land expansion to energy use, and deforestation to agricultural land expansion in Malaysia. The empirical findings reveal that increased energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation have a negative impact on environmental quality in Malaysia. Thus, the effective implementation of policy measures to promote renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, and sustainable management of forest ecosystems could be useful for reducing environmental degradation in Malaysia.

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Abstract. Nur ‘Aqilah MB, NurJannah S, Salleh S, Thi BK, Ahmad Fitri Z, Mohd Khairul Faizi M, Haja Maideen KM, Nizam MS. 2020. Title. Biodiversitas 21: 1707-1713. Fructification of macrofungi depends on two main factors, abiotic and biotic. In this study, the main focus is to determine the macrofungi composition and diversity as the effect of elevation and substrate. Macrofungi collection was conducted at three different elevations along the trails (Trail A, B, and C) of Gunung Korbu in July 2019. The sampling area was divided by ascent elevation from the Seroja Camp to the Rimba Gate (Trail A, 796 m above sea level[a.s.l]), the Seroja Camp to the Kijang Camp (Trail B, 1092 m a.s.l) and the Kijang Camp to the summit of Gunung Korbu (Trail C, 2183 m a.s.l). The collected macrofungi were photographed, described based on their macroscopic characters and any colour changes when bruising or chemicals reactions were recorded. In total 90 macrofungi specimens were in good condition belonging to 6 families from 13 genera, including the unidentified. About 93.33% (84 specimens) of the collections are saprotrophic fungi and six parasitic fungi. Trail B recorded the highest diversity index of 2.20 and 0.87 for Shannon Index and Simpson index, respectively. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations showed a clear separation pattern of macrofungi community found in three different trails, with most of the specimens found in Trail B.

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Logging activities in the forest contribute towards carbon emission into the atmosphere, which impacts global climate. It is anticipated that different logging activities could be a significant factor that contribute to the emission. Hence, a study was conducted to assess logging emission from different logging techniques, viz. the current selective management system (SMS) -reduced impact logging (RIL) prescription, and the improvised of RIL prescription -low impact logging (LIL) using the Rimbaka machine. The study site is a production forest in the Ulu Jelai Forest Reserve, Lipis, Pahang. Surveys were carried out in monitoring plots of RIL and LIL, including carbon emission from logging activities. Assessment of logging emission indicated that the LIL technique emitted much less carbon into the atmosphere compared to RIL technique. Among the emission components, i.e. skid trails, logging roads and logging decks, the amount of emissions were 37% significantly lower in LIL compared to RIL. In conclusion, improved logging techniques to minimise damages to the residual forest stands are among the mitigation actions taken to reduce carbon emission from timber extraction in the forest. The LIL appears to provide a strategy for managing tropical forest that minimises the potential risks to climate, associated with large changes in carbon emission into the atmosphere.