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Present study was conducted on four genotypes of quinoa to find out optimum temperature and method for germination test at Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS HAU, Hisar during 2019-20. The result of this study revealed that at 25oC temperature average germination was 22.47 per cent while it was 13.31 per cent at 20oC temperature. Similarly seedling lengths were 9.69 and 7.58cm and seedling vigour index-I were 229.54 and 103.07 at 20 and 25oC respectively. Between the methods, Top of Paper (TP) recorded 19.78 % germination while Between Paper (BP) recorded 16.00 % germination. Similarly, 8.51 and 8.77cm seedling lengths and 157.83 and 174.78 vigour index-I were observed in Top of Paper and Between Paper methods respectively. Poor germination was recorded in all four genotypes (Maximum 42%) which was confirmed by conducting tetrazolium test. It is concluded from the study that 25 oC temperature and both Top of Paper and Between Paper methods can be used for germination test in quinoa crop. For radical emergence test, 250C temperature for 60 hours should be used and for seed viability test, the seeds should soaked into 1.0% percent tetrazolium solution (2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) for 20 hours at 30oC.

Modern farming requires sustainable use of soil resources because soil quality can easily be deteriorated within a short period of time. For sustainable agricultural productivity, it is utmost important to improve and maintain soil physical, chemical and biological health. The micro biodiversity plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability of inherent and applied nutrients in the soil to the crop plants. The characterization of physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soil in relation to organic cultivation is important for recommending the nutrient and water input for optimum plant growth. The sustainability of World’s agriculture is threatened by sharp declining factor productivity due to deteriorating soil quality, imbalanced use of fertilizers, mismatch between nutrient additions and removal and escalating cost of production. Despite the reduced potential of agro-ecosystems, organic cultivation can contribute to build up, or at least maintain, soil nutrient reserves whilst at the same time maximizing nutrient recycling and reducing external inputs. Organic farming is a system of crop production, which primarily aims to keep soil alive and in good health using organic based nutrient inputs like compost, farm yard manure, green manure, vermicompost, bone meal and crop residues etc.

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted in wheat planted in microplots at Hisar and Sirsa in Haryana state, India, to observe and simulate the depth distribution of moisture content, electrical conductivity in 1:2 soil-water extract (EC 1:2), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils after irrigation with water of high electrical conductivity (12–19 dS/m) and sodium adsorption ratio (20–80 (mmol/1)0·5). The three simulation models used differed in the procedure of estimation of evapotranspiration (models I and II, Reddy 1983; model III, Arora et al. 1987). In general, the means of the experimental moisture content profiles decreased and those of EC 1:2 and ESP increased with irrigation at both locations. Statistical analysis showed an overall good agreement between the experimental and simulated values of moisture content, EC 1:2 and ESP; the accuracy of simulation of the models followed the order model II = model III > model I, for moisture content and EC 1:2, but was identical for ESP.

Pulses are also known as food utilised as legumes; they have been grown by humans for a very long time and are considered to be the meat of the poor due to their high protein, vitamin, carbohydrate, and mineral content. Seed is a fundamental component of agriculture and a crucial ingredient. The growth of the plants from sowing to harvest in pulses, such as soybean, redgram, cowpea, pea and moong depends on a number of elements including soil, nutrients, climate and the efficiency of agricultural operations. An integrated nutrient management method that maintains a healthy ecosystem while decreasing pollution is required to maintain good soil health and safeguard the environment from fertiliser pollution "Integrated Nutrient Management" (INM) describes the upkeep. The organic manures Farm yard manure (FYM, vermicompost and poultry manure etc.) increase crop yields either by acceleration of respiratory process by cell permeability or by hormone action. Rhizobium and Trichoderma) are living microorganisms when applied to seeds it colonize the rhizosphere (root zone of plants) or the interior parts of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Fixes atmospheric Nitrogen symbiotically in french bean, soybean, cowpea and chickpea etc.