Tannase from Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9299 was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography. A purification fold of 19.5 with 13.5% yield was obtained. Temperature of 30 degrees C and pH of 5.5 were found optimum for tannase activity. The effects of metals and organic solvents on the activity of tannase were also studied. Metal ions Mg(+2), Mn(+2), Ca(+2), Na(+), and K(+) stimulated the tannase activity, while Cu(+2), Fe(+3), and Co(+2) acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. The addition of organic solvents like acetic acid, isoamylalcohol, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol, and ethanol completely inhibited the enzyme activity. However, butanol and benzene increased the enzyme activity.

An experiment on evaluation of herbicides in greengram and their residual effect on succeeding mustard crop was conducted at Research farm of Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar during Kharif 2013 and Rabi 2013-14. Weed flora of the experimental field was dominated by Echinocloa colona (78%), Cyperus rotundus (18%) and other weeds (4%) at 30 DAS. Pre-emergence application of ready mix (RM) imazethapyr + pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha provided good control (80%) of Echinocloa colona up to 30 DAS. At 60 DAS, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at 80 g/ha applied at 3-4 leaf stage provided maximum control of weeds, which was at par with two hoeings employed at 20 and 40 DAS. Post-emergence use of imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at 60-80 g/ha exhibited 70-80% control of weeds with slight crop suppression which mitigated within 10-15 days after spray resulting maximum crop growth and seed yield. Early post-emergence application of imazethapyr at 50, 60 and 70 g/ha although caused mild injury to greengram in terms of yellowing of leaves and stunted crop growth up to 30, but it diminished within two weeks. Maximum seed yield (1078 kg/ha) of green gram was obtained with two hoeings at 20 and 40 DAS followed by imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at 80 g/ha and imazethapyr at 70 g/ha applied at 3-4 leaf stage. All herbicides, irrespective of their dose and time of application, did not cause any injury to succeeding mustard crop due to high rainfall (594 mm) during crop growing season that resulted in to enhanced microbial degradation of herbicides.

A field experiment "Efficacy of different herbicides in cluster bean" was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Research Farm of RRS, Rohtak. Major weed flora in experiment includes Trianthema portulacastrum, Digera arvensis, Echinochloa colona, Amaranthus viridies etc. The season long growth of weeds reduced cluster bean yield up to 43.4 % and 44.6% during 2018 and 2019, respectively as compared to weed free condition. Sequential application of clethodium 120 g/ha 4 WAS resulted into significantly higher visual weed control and better crop yield as compared to alone application of pendimethalin 1000 g/ha PRE, whereas alone application of imazethapyr 70 g/ha PRE and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha PRE remained at par with it including weed free conditions during both the years of study. Thus, alone application of imazethapyr 70 g/ha PRE and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha PRE may be more economical and suitable for getting higher weed control and cluster bean yield avoiding one more application of herbicides as sequential application.

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during Rabi season of 2016-17. The experiment comprised of five post emergence herbicides (metsulfuron, carfentrazone, 2, 4-D Ester, pyroxsulam and halauxifen) and their mixtures at different doses along with weedy check and weed free treatment. Application of halauxifen + pyroxsulam sprayed at 23.96 g/ha at 35 days after sowing was the most effective treatment to control the broad leaf weeds in wheat with higher weed control efficiency. Application of the herbicides halauxifen + pyroxsulam at 23.96 g/ha, metsulfuron + 2, 4-D Ester at (3 + 500 g/ha) and halauxifen + pyroxsulam at 19.17 g/ha significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of wheat and plant height compared to weedy check. Application of halauxifen + pyroxsulam at 23.96 kg/ha, metsulfuron + 2, 4-D Ester at 3 + 500 g/ha and carfentrazone + 2, 4-D Ester at 15 + 500 g/ha resulted into higher number of tillers per meter row length. Halauxifen + pyroxsulam sprayed at 23.96 g/ha at 35 days after sowing resulted into higher grain yield of 5395 kg/ha, straw yield of 8466 kg/ha and biological yield of 13861 kg/ha followed by metsulfuron + 2, 4-D Ester at 3 + 500 g/ha and carfentrazone + 2, 4-D Ester at 15 + 500 g/ha.