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thymoma (range 1-88 months, median 56.5 months), 2 patients before 60 months and 1month of surgical resection. Ciclosporin was used for PRCA in 6 patients with or without corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents were not used in the other 2 patients only with occasional transfusion. As treatment-related complications of ciclosporin, pneumonia was seen in 5 patients and renal insufficiency in 1 patient of 6 patients who received it. Follow-up period ranged 9-137 months (median 49.5 months) after PRCA diagnosis. Two patients obtained complete remission of anemia by ciclosporin with and without corticosteroid. Two patients remained transfusion-dependent. Four patients have died. In one patient, ciclosporin could be stopped because of complete remission of anemia. However, re-administration of ciclosporin was needed following 6 years interruption. Main causes of the death were diagnosed as pneumonia (n¼2), thymoma (n¼1), and cardiac failure (n¼1). Conclusion: PRCA associated with thymoma was diagnosed postoperatively in three quarter patients. We should pay attention to the occurrence of PRCA even after the resection of thymoma especially in patients with incomplete resection or advanced disease. Ciclosporin was effective for PRCA, but treatment-related complications occurred, particularly as pneumonia. As treatment for PRCA associated with thymoma and its complications were combined complexly, it is not easy to treat PRCA associated with thymoma.