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Haemophilia is the most common inherited coagulation disorders, with X linked recessive inheritance, affecting the males while females are the carriers of the disease. Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B are the commonest form of Haemophilia encountered and they result from defect in Factor VIII and Factor IX gene respectively. A clinico hematological study with suspected coagulation disorder was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2008 to July 2010. Of the 76 patients visited OPD, based on clinical presentation and family history, 50 cases were categorized as Hemophilia A or B after laboratory investigations. Majority (41) of the cases were categorized as Hemophilia A & only 7 cases were Hemophilia B. The mean age group of the patients was 2.87 years with an age of onset ranged between 3 rd day to 5.6 years. All the cases were males and only a very rare case of female Hemophilia patient was noted. Thirty five (52.23%)

Congenital lymphedema is a rare type of primary lymphedema occurring at birth or developing shortly later. Primary lymphedema can be classified according to whether it is familial or sporadic. The primary congenital familial lymphedema is also known as Milroy’s disease. Majority of primary cases are sporadic type. Chronic lymphedema can be secondary to infections, surgery with lymph node excision, trauma, lymphadenectomy, radiotherapy, filarial infection, and so on. It is recognized that a variety of malignant tumors can arise in chronic congenital or acquired lymphedema; the most documented associations are lymphangiosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, malignant melanoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. A total of 13 cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic (primary or acquired) lymphedema have been reported, and only 3 cases of congenital lymphedema presented with squamous cell carcinoma as reported. A 32-year-old young male presented with chronic unilateral left lower limb lymphedema of 28 years duration. In addition, he had a 3-month history of a fungating cutaneous lesion on the lateral side measuring 2 cm × 1 cm in size. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed on the later mass, and a diagnosis of angiosarcoma was made. At histopathology, the appearances did not confirm angiosarcoma. However, an impression of carcinoma was made as squamous cells were observed in sheets. Immunohistochemistry was performed using markers for CD31, factor VIII (FVIII), and MiB. The epithelial marker cytokeratin was positive for squamoid cells and MiB index of 75%. The vascular markers FVIII and CD31 were negative, thus ruling out angiosarcoma. The final diagnosis was given as infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma in chronic lymphedema.

INTRODUCTIONThe retromolar foramen is an accessory foramen of the mandible situated in the retromolar fossa. The triangular depression between the temporal crest and the anterior border of the ramus of mandible is called the retromolar fossa. Nerves may pass from the substance of temporalis to enter the mandible through the retromolar fossa, where they communicate with branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. Foramina occur in 10% of retromolar fossa and infiltration in this region can abolish sensation which occasionally remains after an inferior alveolar nerve block. 1The retromolar foramen, which is located in the retromolar fossa receives the retromolar canal which normally arises from the mandibular canal behind the third molar.2 This foramen transmits a neurovascular bundle consisting of an artery, vein and nerve that contribute to the nutrition and innervations of the pulp and periodontium of the lower teeth. This area forms an open corridor for the passage of infections arising in ABSTRACT Background: The retromolar foramen is one of the most important non -metrical anatomical variants in the mandible. The present study describes the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried mandibles and its clinical relevance. Methods: One hundred South Indian adult dried mandibles of unknown sex were studied at the Department of Anatomy, MVJ Medical College, Bangalore for the presence of retro molar foramen. Its location, size, shape, distance of the foramen if present from the posterior border of socket for 3 rd molar tooth, anterior border of ramus of the mandible were measured. Results: Retromolar foramen was present in 16 (16%) of the mandibles. Out of the 16 mandibles, it was present bilaterally in 3 (3%) mandibles and unilaterally in 13 (13%) mandibles (In 3 (3%) on the right side and in 10 (10%) on the left side). The mean diameter of the foramen was 1.33mm (range -1.10-1.92 mm). It was oval in shape in 9 (9%) and rounded in shape in 7 (7%) mandibles. The mean distance of retromolar foramen from the posterior border of socket for 3 rd molar tooth and anterior border of ramus were 6.15 mm (2.23-12.10) and 8.02 mm (3.24-13.12) respectively. Conclusions: The knowledge about the incidence of the retromolar foramen is important for dental surgeons during various anaesthetic, implantation and surgical procedures of the mandible, especially during extraction of the lower last molar tooth.

This study aims to reveal the incidence of origin, insertion, and nerve supply of Gantzer's muscle and to provide necessary information to surgeons in concern to compartment syndrome.Material and Methods: 50 embalmed disarticulated upper limbs (23 right & 27 left sides) were dissected and analyzed to find the incidence of Gantzer's muscle along with their sources of origin, the sites of insertion and nerve supply were observed and documented.Results:The incidence of an accessory head of flexor pollicis longus (Gantzer's muscle) was 24 % (12 out of 50 upper limbs). All the incidences of Gantzer's muscles were unilateral, among which, in 5, it was seen on the right side and in 7 on the left side and bilateral occurrence was not found. All the Gantzer's muscles originated from two different sources, one from the medial epicondyle and other from the coronoid process of ulna and the majority of the cases were inserted to the middle third of the tendon of FPL. In the present study, Gantzer's muscle was innerved by the anterior interosseous nerve in all specimens except in one, which was supplied by the median nerve. Conclusions:The knowledge of which, has to be borne in minds of the operating surgeons for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome and median nerve compression for an effective outcome.