Tasmania's forest practices system, one of the most prescriptive globally and the most comprehensive in Australia, has evolved over the last 25 years in response to public demands for high standards of governance, accountability and transparency of forest regulation on both public and private lands. The system was developed in the context of strong contestation, in Tasmanian and Australian civil society and politics, about appropriate forest policies and practices in Tasmania. The system is governed by a Forest Practices Act, which provides for a co-regulatory approach administered by an independent statutory body, the Forest Practices Authority. All forest operations must be undertaken in accordance with a certified forest practices plan, prepared and certified by accredited Forest Practices Officers employed by forest managers. These co-regulatory components of the system are supported by independent monitoring and enforcement by the Forest Practices Authority. This paper describes the genesis and evolution of the Tasmanian forest practices system, and summarises the range of measures employed to foster high levels of compliance, with an emphasis on training and education, self-monitoring and reporting by the industry, independent monitoring by the Forest Practices Authority, and corrective actions, backed by enforcement provisions. Compliance monitoring over 27 years demonstrates rapid improvement in the decade following establishment of the system, with consistently high levels of achievement subsequently. However, larger corporate forest managers consistently achieve higher rates of compliance than do small-scale forest owners, and redressing this imbalance has been a recurrent theme in Tasmania's forest practices system. Experience of implementation of Tasmania's forest practices system suggests that well-designed and implemented co-regulatory approaches, with high levels of transparency, can be effective in delivery of good technical standards of forest practices and high levels of compliance. However, these will not in themselves mitigate public concern about forest management practices unless the policies governing those practices have broad support in civil society.

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Reservoir souring Reservoir souring, defined as the unplanned increase in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in produced fluids during field life, is a growing concern for the petroleum production industry. H2S is a poisonous, dense gas with serious safety implications; it can lead to sudden catastrophic failure of nonresistant metallic materials from sulfide stress corrosion cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking, and it can enhance pitting corrosion rates. But how does reservoir souring develop, and how can its consequences for materials be anticipated? Consideration also needs to be given to the currently available options for souring control and their shortcomings. Despite the significant advances that have been made over the past 30 years or so in the understanding of H2S- related materials degradation mechanisms, H2S still causes many failures every year. While it may be understandable that such failures continue to occur in operating environments where reservoir souring is a new phenomenon, failures are also occurring where the industry is mature. For example, recently in the UK, a carbon steel pipeline transporting sour hydrocarbons onshore failed by sulfide stress cracking (SSC) after 6 weeks of operation, necessitating replacement at a cost of GBP 100 million. Over 2000–01, sour gas pipelines failures, including those affected by both microbial and chemically induced corrosion, accounted for 35 (4%) of the 952 pipeline failures in Alberta, Canada. The challenge of dealing with H2S is likely to rise in importance as an increasing number of high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) reservoirs are exploited in the future. This will require more widespread use of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs), increasing the costs of wells and downstream equipment. Therefore, we need more corrosion data on a range of alloys when there are fewer materials engineers (particularly metallurgists) coming into the industry and fewer corrosion testing facilities in steel companies, meaning that operating companies and even fabrication contractors are having to take on the task of generating materials susceptibility data. H2S Generation and Mobility Reservoir souring is the production of increased concentrations of H2S in well-stream fluids from production wells subject to water injection for secondary recovery. It is generally acknowledged to be caused by the activity of a specialized group of microorganisms, the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Low populations of SRB cells are ubiquitous in seawater and many other natural waters that are used for secondary recovery. Biogenic H2S originates solely from SRB activity in the water phase and subsequently partitions between water, liquid hydrocarbon, and gas, dependent on temperature, pressure, the pH of the aqueous phase, fluid phase ratios, and a number of other factors. However, the progress of reservoir souring is routinely measured and expressed in terms of H2S concentrations in the gas phase at separator conditions and the corresponding partial pressures of gaseous H2S.

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