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Background and Purpose-Although thromboembolic stroke is caused by red, white, or mixed clots, the emboli previously used in animal studies on thrombolysis were more often red than white. Because this might be one of the reasons why thrombolysis is less effective in patients than in experimental stroke, we developed a new method of preparing highly standardized red and fibrin-rich white emboli. Methods-The middle cerebral artery of 20 rabbits was embolized with either red or fibrin-rich white autologous emboli.Cerebral perfusion was monitored by MRI. Results-Red emboli consisted of closely packed erythrocytes within a sparse fibrin net and white emboli of a dense mass of fibrin with only few other blood cells. Infarct volumes were 26Ϯ4% (meanϮSD) of the ischemic hemisphere with red and 27Ϯ6% with white emboli. The relative regional cerebral blood volume dropped below 50% 90 minutes after vascular occlusion with either type of embolus. Late spontaneous lysis and hemorrhagic complications occurred in 37.5% of red but not in white embolus cases. Conclusions-Emboli prepared by our technique result in standardized cerebral infarctions. Size and composition of the emboli continuously can be adjusted according to the experimental requirements.

The results of this study demonstrate, that the percentage of trauma, severely ill/injured or unconscious patients is lower than in previous years. However, the higher absolute numbers of patients demonstrate that the emergency physician now encounters more critically ill/injured, unconscious and trauma patients. It does not seem necessary to question the qualifications for an emergency physician, which have previously been considered essential for the management of acute life-threatening situations.