The purpose of the research conducted was to investigate and evaluate the behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, the active ingredients of selected fungicides and insecticides, on ripe fruit and in fully developed leaves of raspberry of the Laszka variety. The field trial was carried out in the period of one month starting from the first fruit picking. The results obtained indicated that residue levels on the day of the first crop picking did not even approximate the corresponding EU-MRLs (http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides). Individual substances in raspberry fruits and leaves disappeared at a similar rate. As a result of chlorpyrifos application to the soil, its residue in fruits and leaves occurred for the whole period of fruit bearing, though in fruit they dropped successively. To produce raspberries with residues below or equal to 0.01 μg g(-1), the application of pesticides should be stopped at least 2-3 weeks before the first crop picking, and on condition that an appropriate preparation (active in low doses) is applied to the last treatments.

We examined the susceptibility of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera L. to pyrethroids. Bees were intoxicated by selected synthetic pyrethroids (active substances: beta-cyfl uthrin, deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and bifenthrin) and 72 hours after intoxication the number of surviving insects was determined. It was observed that the susceptibility of the honeybee to pyrethroids (expressed herein as the survival rate) was changing in diurnal rhythm, ranging from 100% (for a majority of substances in both seasons) to 11.1±0.37% (deltamethrin) and 11.1±0.73% (esfenvalerate) in spring, and 11.1±0.73% (esfenvalerate) and 4.6±0.17% (bifenthrin) in summer. The lowest susceptibility of bees to pyrethroids occurred during the night, when the honeybees were characterized by reduced motility and did not fl y out for foraging, whereas the highest susceptibility was observed during the day, a natural time for seeking food. Along with diurnal changes in the susceptibility described above, differences dependent on the seasons in which the intoxication took place were also observed. Insects intoxicated in summer were less susceptible to pyrethroids than those intoxicated in spring.

Abstract:In the years 2009 and 2010, in the apiaries surrounding Tarnobrzeg and Leżajsk, Poland (close to the Carpathian Mountains) research was carried out on diurnal changes in the sensitivity of young honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers to insecticides from various chemical groups: pyrethroids (esfenvalerate, cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, deltamethrin), derivatives of pyridine (pyriproxyfen), carbamate (pirimicarb), organophosphate (diazinon), and benzoyl urea derivative (teflubenzuron). The analyses consisted of intoxicating subsequent groups of honey bees in 2-hour intervals, for a period of 24 hours with selected xenobiotics. The results received indicate that the honey bee shows a statistically significant susceptibility to insecticides, changing in the diurnal rhythm.

Laboratory tests using image analysis are one of the types of experimental methods in plant protection. They are used in the evaluation of crop damage by pests, also useful in testing the effectiveness of active substances of plant protection products. The most popular of these analyses are the so called “circular tests”, comprising in administering to the insects and snails the fragments of leaves and measuring the amount of consumed surface. The paper presents a method of analysis of damage to lettuce leaves using ImageJ application. The way of presenting the results was also proposed. This procedure can be used in various analyses of biological sciences and evaluating the dietary preferences of pests. Access to the application ImageJ is free, and flexible configuration allows for any setting parameters of the program, the opportunity to work in different environments and low system requirements allow you to make many accurate measurements in a short time without the need to purchase expensive specialized hardware.

In the years 2007 and 2011, research was carried out on the impact of: pyrethroid group agents (beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin) benzoylphenyl ureas (teflubenzuron), derivatives of pyridine (pyriproxyfen), organophosphorus (diazinon) and neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid) on the food consumption by Spanish slug (Arion lusitanicus Mab). The quantity of food consumed by animals treated by plant protection agents, the quantity of food treated by insecticides consumed and food preferences of A. lusitanicus individuals were analysed. The slugs were made available a selection between food with an addition of insecticide and without it. The results obtained indicate that the preparations which contained lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin with which the animals were treated increase the quantity of food consumed by the Spanish slug. It was also shown that the food treated with lambdacyhalothrin and alpha cypermethrin is consumed in a larger amount than the food not treated by this preparation. Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin and pyriproxyfen probably constitute food attractants for A. lusitanicus individuals and also alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin and esfenvalerate are additive, which reduces the attractiveness of food for slug.