Polyphenols and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are two classes of natural compounds, which have been highlighted in epidemiological studies for their health benefits. The biological activities of those two families of metabolites on oxidation, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and degenerative diseases have been reported in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, chemical bonding between the two structures leading to n-3 lipophenol derivatives (or phenolipids) has been studied in numerous works over the last decade, and some examples could also be found from natural sources. Interest in lipophilization of phenolic structures is various and depends on the domain of interest: in food industry, the development of lipidic antioxidants could be performed to protect lipidic food matrix from oxidation. Whereas, on pharmaceutical purpose, increasing the lipophilicity of polar phenolic drugs could be performed to improve their pharmacological profile. Moreover, combining both therapeutic aspects of n-3 PUFAs and of polyphenols in a single lipophenolic molecule could also be envisaged. An overview of the synthesis and of the natural sources of n-3 lipophenols is presented here, in addition to their biological activities which point out in several cases the benefit of the conjugated derivatives.

In vertebrates, visual perception occurs in the rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments (POS) through visual pigments, G protein-coupled receptors (rhodopsin and cone opsins) consisting of the apoprotein opsin and a prosthetic group, the vitamin A-derived chromophore 11-cis-retinal (11cRAL). 1 The light isomerizes 11cRAL to trans configuration (atRAL) and subsequently elicits the conformational transition within the opsin proteins, followed by the activation of the phototransduction cascade. After photoisomerization of