It was presumed that shallow water table restricted leaf growth and some water-related parameters; therefore, they can be used as indicators of plant stress due to the water table condition. Objective of this research was to evaluate morphological stress indicators in tomato plants exposed to shallow water table. The research was conducted in two stages: (1) developing reliable LA estimation model from June to September 2016; as pre-requisite for (2) calculating and evaluating the morphological indicators for stress due to shallow water table treatments, conducted from February to May 2017. Treated plants were placed inside experimental pools. Each treatment was done by partially submerging growing substrate to the targeted water tables at 5 cm and 10 cm below surface of the substrate. Untreated control plants were kept outside the pools. Zero-intercept linear model was the selected model for leaf area estimation after evaluating 15 combinations of five regression models and three predictors. Results of this study indicated that steady water table at 5-cm and 10-cm depth did not restrain relative leaf expansion rate (RLER) and there was no significant difference in specific leaf fresh weight (SLFW) and specific leaf water content (SLWC) between treated and untreated plants, measured prior to, during, and after recovery from shallow water table treatments. In conclusion, if position of water table was steady, the shallow water table at 5-cm depth or deeper did not affect tomato growth.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of land conversion from rice farming to oil palm plantations on the socio-economic aspects of ex-migrants in the South Sumatra tidal swamp, Indonesia. Land conversion from rice farming to oil palm plantations is a form of adaptation for ex-migrant farmers and will increase food deficits in Indonesia. Ex-migrant farmers initially cultivated food crops with conventional technology. This pattern has been changing, which have led to the formation of two large groups of farms, namely rice-based farms implementing mechanisation, and oil palm-based plantations. The results showed that changes from rice farming to oil palm plantations did not make the economy of farm households better. Between the two groups of farmers, there is no difference in arable land, the labour allocation for agriculture and the farmers’ income. In addition, there is not much difference between farmers’ participation in on-farm and out-farm activities. The area of arable land owned, the husbands’age, and family size variables are determinants of farmers’ choice to participate in other jobs activities and influence farmers’ income. Thus, changes in crops from rice to oil palm have no impact on cultivation area, labour allocation, income, on-farm and out-farm activities.

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The purpose of the present study was to analyze Apis mellifera honey's quality given extrafloral nectar feed from Arenga pinnata sap and Cocus nucifera sap as stimulatory nutrition. The chemical compositions of honey, such as reducing sugar content, sucrose content, the acidity of honey, moisture content, and diastase enzyme activity, were measured. The comparison between A. mellifera honey's chemical compositions on Arenga pinnata sap and Cocus nucifera sap ware was analyzed using the student t-test (GraphPad Instant Statistical Program). The result from the analysis of reducing sugar content showed that the A. mellifera honey from Cocus nucifera sap (73.69± 0.21%) had a higher (P<0.05) than the Arenga pinnata sap (60.15±2.13%). The significant differences (P<0.05) in the acidity of A. mellifera honey from Arenga pinnata sap (43.00±7.48) compared with Cocus nucifera sap (22.00±2.14). The sucrose content, moisture content, and diastase enzyme activity were not significant differences between the A. mellifera honey from Arenga pinnata sap compared with the A. mellifera honey from Cocus nucifera sap. In conclusion, the chemical compositions of A. mellifera honey with extrafloral nectar (Arenga pinnata sap and Cocus nucifera sap) are good quality and indicate that the honey falls under the limits of international standards. The A. mellifera honey from Cocus nucifera sap has a higher sugar reduction content and lower acidity than the A. mellifera honey from Arenga pinnata sap

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