The management of beekeeping on forest lands is a vivid manifestation of the multifunctional use of forests, which is based on its target cultivation. The work shows the development of beekeeping, identifies factors affecting the sustainable development of this industry, sets priorities for increasing the efficiency of utilization of forest honey resources of the Southern Urals, including the main melliferous - Tilia cordata Mill. The nature and characteristics of the influence of weather and climatic factors on the growth of bee colonies, their physiological state, composition, age representation of natural melliferous woody plants, the onset dates and the duration of their flowering were determined. It was found that, of the silvicultural and inventory indicators, the composition and age, density and type of forest most strongly influence the yield of honey. The activities of forest care are close to them in terms of importance. A system of organizational measures has been proposed, through which high efficiency of using forest feed resources and sustainable development of beekeeping can be achieved: keeping an optimal number of bee colonies in an apiary - up to 150 hives, based on providing one bee colony of 50-60 thousand individuals with at least 130 kg of nectar; the location of apiaries in the 3-kilometer zone of growth of forest melliferous plants, taking into account the productive emergence of bees in the 2.5-3.0 km; establishing clear nomadic routes based on a geobotanic inventory of forest and agricultural melliferous plants. Increasing the target indicator - the nectar productivity of forests without a gap in their use both in space and in time - can be achieved by growing multi-tiered forests of different age from Tilia cordata Mill.

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Tilia cordata Mill. is considered to be the main tree species resistant to urban conditions and it is widely used in the greening of cities. The aim of the study is to assess the patterns of growth and development of small-leaved linden plantations in the urban environment. The research is based on the method of sample areas where continuous enumeration survey has been carried out. The study of urban greening objects was conducted using the methods of landscape assessment and complete enumeration of trees in alley plantings. It was found that Tilia cordata Mill. grows in all districts and zones of the city of Ufa, occupying 34.4% of green areas. During this research it was found that artificially created alley plantings of Tilia cordata Mill. are more well-kept and have well-developed crowns which create a tree shade sometimes 8-10 meters wide (the average crown projection being 7 m). Since alley plantings have repeatedly been pruned, trees in this area are characterized by a large increase in diameter and strong height growth stagnation. Thus, when studying linden plantings of the same age, a sharp difference in the size and shape of trees was observed.

This article examined the honey-bearing potential of Tilia cordata Mill. stands in the Southern Urals using forest management and taxation methods. The studies were conducted in pure and mixed even- and uneven-aged forests with T. cordata Mill. in different natural zones of the Southern Urals on the territory of the Bashkirs. These were forests of the South Ural forest-steppe region, the forest-steppe region of the European part of Russia, the area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of Russia. The research employed the method of laying temporary and permanent trial areas. T. cordata Mill. forests on the republic’s territory were divided into zones by forest districts. There is a discrepancy between the territorial localization of “nectar” (honey-bearing) linden and designated forest areas, that is, honey-bearing forest areas on the republic’s territory. It could be due to the lacking methodology for assigning linden to these categories. The increased rotation age of linden trees to 81–90 years for several decades, a ban on final cutting, reduced annual cut of soft-leaved forests by 15% enlarged the stocks of overmature forest to 48%. Depending on the age, the number of flowers on one T. cordata Mill. tree varies from 0 to 60.2 thousand pieces. The maximum amount of nectar is 69.04 kg/ha at 12-day linden flowering. The honey productivity of plants including T. cordata Mill., calculated concerning the linden age, its share in the forest composition, the average number of flowers on the tree, nectar per 1 ha of linden and the flowering period ranged from 252.8 to 662.8 kg/ha.

Рассмотрено влияние сплошных узколесосечных рубок в насаждениях липы мелколистной на состояние нижних ярусов растительности. Выявлено, что подлесочный ярус на пройденных рубкой участках развит слабо, что обуславливается интенсивным развитием порослевин основных лесообразователей и недостаточным количеством поступающего света. Уровень жизненности подлеска составил 92-99 %. Определено, что травяной покров ненарушенных рубками исследуемых липняков представлен 17-19 видами растений и состоит из пяти подъярусов. Видовое разнообразие ограничивается 14-16 семействами. Установлено, что к третьей вегетации после проведения рубки из состава живого напочвенного покрова выпадают более типичные для высокополнотного древесного полога липняков виды-копытень европейский, сныть обыкновенная, звездчатка жестколистная, будра плющевидная и т. п., возрастает наличие видов семейства Poaceae Barnhart. После проведения сплошной узколесосечной рубки в летний и зимний периоды оценка флористического состава травянистых растений в нетронутых рубкой липняках и насаждениях объясняет достаточно высокую степень сходства травянистой растительности исследуемых участков и восстановление живого напочвенного покрова в производном древостое за 20-летний период после проведения рубки. Среднее значение коэффициента видового сходства Жаккара для контрольного участка (до проведения рубки) и участка зимнего сезона рубки составило 0,71; для участка летнего сезона рубки и контрольного участка-0,75; для участков летнего и зимнего сезонов рубки-0,68. Помимо смены лесных видов растений, изменения их обилия и встречаемости наблюдается уменьшение биомассы растительности в абсолютно сухом состоянии с 10,04 г/м 2 на контроле до 6,5 г/м 2 на участке летнего сезона рубки. Ключевые слова: липа мелколистная, подлесок, живой напочвенный покров, вырубка, флористический состав, биомасса, обилие видов Ссылка для цитирования: Мартынова М.В., Султанова Р.Р. Состояние нижних ярусов растительности в липовых лесах и на вырубках // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2019. Т. 23. № 2. С. 55-60.