У статті описані сучасні уявлення про патогенез виникнення різних типів вузлових утворень щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ). Наданий алгоритм діагностики захворювань ЩЗ, що спрямований на верифікацію морфологічної структури зоба до початку лікування, із метою прийняття правильного рішення щодо показань до хірургічного лікування та його обсягу. Розглянуті основні методи як консервативного, так і хірургічного лікування вузлової патології ЩЗ. Визначені питання особливостей лікувальної тактики вагітних із вузловими утвореннями ЩЗ.

The aim of this article is to assess the initial status, characteristics of the tumor process and initial surgical treatment in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas who subsequently showed resistance to 131I therapy, comparing with the control group of patients who achieved a positive effect of 131I therapy. Materials and methods. In total, 156 cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer were analyzed. The control group consisted of 189 patients who showed complete responses to treatment of metastases after 131I therapy and the confirmed relapse-free period. The patients were operated and followed up in the Department of Endocrine Gland Surgery of SI “V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine” between 1990 and 2019. Results. Based on our study, in the group of radioiodine-resistant metastases, there was a 3.1:1.0 predominance of women over men; whereas in the control group, this ratio was 1.4:1.0. It was noted that resistance to radioactive iodine in patients under 20 years of age was 4 times significantly lower (10.26 %) comparing with the radiosensitive group (41.90 %). In the age group of 41–60 years, radioiodine resistance was 6.5 times higher than that in the comparison group (39.10 % and 6.35 %), and in the age group over 61 years – 11 times (11.54 % and 1.05 %). The impact analysis of radiation exposure on the radioiodine refractoriness occurrence revealed that among patients living in radiation-contaminated areas of Ukraine in 1986 following the Chornobyl accident, there were no significant differences in the development of resistance to radioactive iodine (resistance to 131I – 51.92 % (n = 81), treatment response 131I – 64.02 % (n = 121)). These differences may be due to the younger age of patients affected by radiation and better sensitivity to radioiodine compared to the main group patients. The maximum number of radioiodine-resistant observations was in the intermediate risk group (71.15 %; n = 111). Worth noting is the significant number of radioiodine-resistant metastases in the group where their absence was initially diagnosed (11.53 %; n = 18) and in the group where the proper assessment of lymph collectors was not performed (29.49 %; n = 46). Radioiodine resistance was significantly more common (33.97 %; n = 53) in observations where the prophylactic central dissection was not performed. Conclusions. The main risk factors in the development of radioiodine-resistant metastases were the age of patients older than 40 years, the limited primary surgery on regional lymphatic collectors of the neck, tumor aggressiveness. Careful pre- and intraoperative assessment of regional collectors of the lymph outflow, preventive central neck dissection and extensive therapeutic dissections can reduce the risk of residual and radioiodine-resistant metastases. Timely diagnosis of metastases can improve the results of primary surgical treatment for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and reduce the incidence of radioiodine resistance.

Objective. To study the rate of differentiated thyroid carcinomas, owing various characteristics and clinical indices of the disease course, basing on a twenty-year experience of the surgical clinic work in the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism named after V. P. Komisarenko NAMS of Ukraine. Materials and methods. Retrospective investigation was conducted, including data about 5526 patients, operated for differentiated thyroidal cancer in 1995 - 2014 yrs. Results. During 20 years the quantity of patients, suffering papillary carcinoma, operated in surgical clinic, have enhanced. Among them the rate of children, teenagers, men and the patients, suffering more aggressive tumors, have reduced. Clinical indices of the disease course, tactic of treatment and prognosis concerning these patients have improved essentially. The spreading, size, invasive and metastatic characteristic of follicular carcinoma through 20 years of observation did not changed essentially, but the rate of patients, suffering severe stages of the disease and those having the poorest prognosis raised. Simultaneously a mortality of patients, suffering follicular carcinomas, have lowered significantly due to the treatment optimization. Conclusion. The analysis performed have witnessed the rate reduction of potentially radio-induced papillary carcinomas, what demands a certain revision and further improvement of the patient’s treatment protocols.

Мета. Аналіз факторів ризику, причин виникнення кровотечі під час виконання операцій на щитоподібній залозі (ЩЗ) та розробка методів профілактики хірургічного гемостазу. Матеріали і методи. Проведено детальний аналіз щодо 89 пацієнтів, оперованих з приводу патології ЩЗ, у яких виникла післяопераційна кровотеча. Результати. Загальна частота виникнення кровотечі становила 0,49%: у жінок - 0,35%, у чоловіків - 1,21%. Середній вік пацієнтів - (42,3 ± 0,2) року. Частота виникнення кровотечі залежала від обсягу оперативного втручання. Після виконання тиреоїдектомії ризик виникнення кровотечі вищий - 50,56%, або в 1,6 разу, в порівнянні з органозберігаючими операціями - 30,33%. Висновки. Використання сучасних технологій гемостазу, медикаментозна корекція порушень фібрінолізу дають змогу мінімізувати ризик розвитку післяопераційних ускладнень та скоротити терміни лікування пацієнтів.