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The authors discussed the results of study of population genetic structure of Khakass sub-ethnic groups - indigenous population of the Republic of Khakassia. The gene pool is studied according to two classes of markers: autosomal DNA (CCR2*rs1799864, CCR5*rs333, ACE1*rs4646994, PLAT*rs4646972, noA25*rs, PV92*rs3138523, ApoA1*rs3138522, noB65*rs, no F13B*rs) and quasigenetic markers (surnames). Total sample size was 249 persons for autosomal DNA dataset, and 9693 persons for the surnames dataset. Four Khakass sub-ethnic groups - Kachins, Koybals, Kyzyls, and Sagays - were investigated. Both classes of markers provided similar results on the subdivision of Khakass sub-ethnic groups and genetic relationships between them. Analysis of autosomal DNA markers showed statistically significant differences of allele frequencies. Interpopulation genetic variation (GST) of the Khakass populations was 2.10%. The largest genetic distances were observed when comparing Sagays and Kyzyls (d = 0.032). The least genetic distances were observed when comparing samples of Kachins and Koybals (d = 0.032). According to the surnames dataset, the similarity index (Ri) is minimal in the pair "Sagays - Kyzyls" and is maximal in a pair of "Kachins - Koybals". Genetic distances characterizing the differences between sub-ethnic groups, decrease, and kinship coefficient, which reflects the similarity increases in the following series: Sagays, Kyzyls, Kachins, and Koybals.

Siberian Tatars form the largest Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Western Siberia. The group has a complex hierarchical system of ethnographically diverse populations. Five subethnic groups of Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars (N = 388 samples) have been analyzed for 50 informative Y-chromosomal SNPs. The subethnic groups have been found to be extremely genetically diverse (FST = 21%), so the Siberian Tatars form one of the strongly differentiated ethnic gene pools in Siberia and Central Asia. Every method employed in our studies indicates that different subethnic groups formed in different ways. The gene pool of Isker-Tobol Tatars descended from the local Siberian indigenous population and an intense, albeit relatively recent gene influx from Northeastern Europe. The gene pool of Yalutorovsky Tatars is determined by the Western Asian genetic component. The subethnic group of Siberian Bukhar Tatars is the closest to the gene pool of the Western Caucasus population. Ishtyak-Tokuz Tatars have preserved the genetic legacy of Paleo-Siberians, which connects them with populations from Southern, Western, and Central Siberia. The gene pool of the most isolated Zabolotny (Yaskolbinsky) Tatars is closest to Ugric peoples of Western Siberia and Samoyeds of the Northern Urals. Only two out of five Siberian Tatar groups studied show partial genetic similarity to other populations calling themselves Tatars: Isker-Tobol Siberian Tatars are slightly similar to Kazan Tatars, and Yalutorovsky Siberian Tatars, to Crimean Tatars. The approach based on the full sequencing of the Y chromosome reveals only a weak (2%) Central Asian genetic trace in the Siberian Tatar gene pool, dated to 900 years ago. Hence, the Mongolian hypothesis of the origin of Siberian Tatars is not supported in genetic perspective.