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Certain diseases and clinical conditions alter the exhaled breath gas components. Ammonia was identified as a biomarker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the laboratory analytical techniques. Although these techniques were accurate, lack of portability, time consumption and affordablity for the masses were the primary concern for the medical fraternity. To overcome these issues, a portable prototype was developed for the analysis of breath samples from patients undergoing hemodialysis. The aim and objectives of the study was as follows: (i) to detect ammonia in human breath sample using the commercial gas sensor (MQ135); (ii) to acquire breath patterns using NI-myDAQ for preprocessing and extraction of ten transient and steady state features; (iii) To classify the normal and abnormal breath signal using different neural network classifiers (Support Vector Machines, Naïve Bayes, and Multi-layer perceptron). Twenty-one subjects undergoing hemodialysis and 17 healthy subjects were included in the study. The obtained breath patterns revelaed that voltage flag runs between 0.6-0.9 V for a healthy individual, and 1.8-2.65 V for CKD patients. The variations in magnitude voltage were high for CKD subjects compared to healthy subjects. Among the obtained transient and steady-state features, normalized voltage change (ΔV m ) showed a greater % difference between healthy and CKD patients undergoing haemodialysis. The multilayer perceptron achieved a better classification accuracy of 76.31% compared to SVM (60.52%) and naive bayes classifier (55.2%). Hence the developed prototype was simple in operation and cost effective, provides an affordable and act as complimentary diagnostic tool for CKD patients.

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BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disease with high morbidity that results in multiple admissions. This study was undertaken to determine trends in hospitalisation and outcomes in patients with SLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of all patients admitted with SLE between January 2012 and 2015 at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Records were analysed and causes for recurrent admission looked at. RESULTS A total of 101 patients were included. Mean age was 33.4 years, mean number of admissions 3.44. Systemic symptoms were common, renal involvement 70.3% and haematological involvement 35.6%. 66 patients got admitted more than once. Infections, need for drug administration (cyclophosphamide) and disease flare were the causes for repeated admissions. CONCLUSIONS SLE results in high utilisation of medical resources, recurrent admissions are the norm and infections and disease flare are common causes for admission.