Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permittedSynopsis: Pesticide use is an important component of agricultural and non-agricultural pest control in tropical areas. However, the fate of pesticides in tropical soils is not as well understood as that for soils from temperate regions. Tropical soils defy easy generalizations, but they are typically very old soils characterized by year-round uniformity of temperature regime. Although only a few studies have directly compared pesticide fate in tropical and temperate soils, there is no evidence that pesticides degrade more slowly under tropical conditions. Laboratory studies in which soils have been held under standardized conditions reveal that pesticide degradation rate and pathway are comparable between tropical and temperate soils. However, field investigations of tropical pesticide soil fate indicate that dissipation occurs more rapidly, in some cases much more rapidly, than for pesticides used under similar temperate conditions. The most prominent mechanisms for this acceleration in pesticide dissipation appear to be related to the effect of tropical climates, and would include increased volatility and enhanced chemical and microbial degradation rates on an annualized basis.

No abstract

Names of countries given after Members' names are in accordance with the IUPAC Handbook 1991-93; changes will be effected in the 1994-95 edition. Republication of this report is AbstractResidues of pesticides in food are influenced by the storage, handling and processing that occurs between harvesting of raw agricultural commodities and consumption of prepared foodstuffs. Reviewing the extensive literature showed that in most cases these steps lead to large reductions in residue levels in the prepared food, particularly through trimming, washing and cooking operations. Residues of post harvest insecticide treatment on stored staples such as cereal grains and oil seeds generally decline only rather slowly. However processing into foods again results in large losses except for unrefined oils. The behaviour of residues in storage and processing can be rationalised in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the pesticide and the nature of the process. EBDC fungicides are examined in more detail as a class of fungicides of concern due to the formation of the toxic breakdown product ETU. Recommendations are provided for the conduct of storage or processing studies on fate of pesticide residues in food so that data obtained is relevant, comparable and may be extrapolated to other situations.

No abstract

Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, with full reference to thesource along with use of the copyright symbol 0, the name IUPAC and the year ofpublication are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.Brought to you by | Abstract: Most synthetic agrochemicals with chiral structures are marketed as racemates even though the desired biological activity may be derived from only one enantiopure isomer. However some synthetic agrochemicals such as pyrethroid insecticides, aryloxypropanoate herbicides and triazole fungicides are marketed as the most biologically active enantiopure isomer. Numerous reports describing the relative biological actitivites, preparations and analyses of enantiopure agrochemicals are available. Some examples of how different enantiomers in racemates are selectively metabolized have also been reported. When agrochemicals have chiral structures, efforts should be made to define the mode of action, elucidate metabolic pathways and to define the human and environmental toxicity of each enantiopure isomer. If there are large differences in the biological activities of individual enantiomers in racemates, it is desirable to develop and use only the enantiopure isomer with the highest sought-after biological activities. 2008 0 1997 IUPAC Brought to you by | University of Birmingham Authenticated Download Date | 6/3/15 2:32 PM