SUMMARY A sister and brother, children of consanguineous parents, were suffering from progressive myoclonus epilepsy. In the boy, the myoclonic jerks of the Unverricht type remained very discrete. In both cases there were numerous Lafora bodies in the brain; one patient in addition showed cardiac and hepatic changes in the form of accumulations of unidentified material. Patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy who belong to the Lafora group, have similar clinical symptoms and similar microscopic abnormalities in the brain. The clinical picture is characterized by the onset of generalized seizures at age 10–17, myoclonus of the Unverricht type, early dementia, normal ocular fundi and a duration of illness not exceeding 10 years; EEG findings are to some extent characteristic, and remain practically constant during the course of the illness; the disease often is a familial condition; the parents are free of the affection, but often consanguineous. Numerous Lafora bodies in the substantia nigra, dentate nucleus, the entire cerebral cortex and the thalamus are considered by us to be pathognomonic for a particular subgroup of the clinical syndrome progressive myoclonus epilepsy; this probably also applies to the changes in the heart and liver. RÉSUMÉ Un frère et une soeur, issus de parents consanguins, sont atteints d'une épilepsie myoclonique progressive dont les secousses du type Unverricht sont très discrètes chez le garçon. L'examen anatomique montre de nombreux corpuscules de Lafora dans les deux cerveaux et, chez l'un des malades seulement, des altérations cardiaques et hépatiques représentées par l'accumulation d'une substance non identifyée. Ces deux observations confirment le fait que les malades souffrant d'une épilepsie myoclonique progressive du type Lafora présentent une séméiologie clinique et des anomalies microscopiques cérébrales semblables. L'aspect clinique est caractérisé par l'apparition de crises généralisées entre 10 et 17 ans, par des myoclonies du type Unverricht, une démence relativement précoce et un fond d'oeil normal; l'évolution n'excède jamais dix ans. Les données de L'E.E.G. sont relativement caractéristiques et restent pratiquement constantes pendant le cours de la maladie. L'affection est souvent familiale, mais elle respecte les parents qui sont fréquemment consanguins. L'existence de nombreux corpuscules de Lafora dans la substance noire, dans le noyau dentelé, dans le thalamus et dans tout le cortex cérébral est, à notre avis, pathognomonique d'un subgroupe du syndrome clinique d'épilepsie myoclonique progressive; il en va probablement de méme en ce qui concerne les altérations cardiaques et hépatiques.
SUMMARY Serum phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone levels were determined before, during and after addition of ethylphenacemide to the medication of 7 male patients, all with normal liver function and blood counts. During ethylphenacemide medication, a statistically significant increase in levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin in the serum was found. Thus therapeutic and toxic effects of ethylphenacemide may be well due to this secondary action. RÉSUMÉ Le taux sérique de phénobarbital, de phénytoïne et de primidone ont été mesures avant, pendant et aprés l'adjonction d'éthylphénacémide a leur thérapeutique chez 7 patients adultes ayant des fonctions hépatiques et une numération globulaire normales. Pendant la médication avec éthylphénacémide on a observé une augmentation significative du taux sérique de phénobarbital et de phénytoïne. II est done possible que les effets thérapeutiques et toxiques de l'ethylphénacémide soient dus en réalitéà cette action secondaire.
Duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS) is increased by luminal ATP, via activation of enterocyte brush border P2Y1 receptors. Increased DBS augments the activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, which degrades luminal ATP, acting as a negative feedback loop. Since IAP dephosphorylates ATP to ADP, AMP, and adenosine (ADO), and since adenosine deaminase (ADA) is highly expressed in duodenal brush border, we hypothesized that luminal ADO signaling is also involved in DBS regulation.We measured DBS with flow‐through pH and CO2 electrodes, testing the effect of perfusion of ATP, ADP, AMP or ADO with or without adenosine receptor (A1‐3R) agonists or antagonists, or CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh‐172 on DBS. We also examined the effect of inhibitors of ADA or concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) on DBS.Perfusion of ATP, ADP, AMP or ADO uniformly increased DBS. A2BR agonist NECA increased DBS, whereas ADO‐augmented DBS was inhibited by A2BR antagonist MRS1754 and abolished by CFTRinh‐172. Other AR agonists or antagonists had no effect. A2BR was immunolocalized to the brush border of duodenal villi whereas A2AR to the endothelium. ADA inhibitor EHNA and CNT inhibitor formycin B enhanced ADO‐induced DBS.Luminal ADO stimulates DBS via A2BR and CFTR. IAP, ADA and CNT may coordinately regulate luminal ADO concentration to modulate ADO‐P1R signaling in rat duodenum.VA Merit Review, NIH‐NIDDK R01 DK54221
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