Children of HBV-related CLD patients were at increased risk of HBV infection through multi-modal transmission routes despite negative parental HBsAg and HBeAg status.

Background: Previous studies showed that there have been a significant increasing of the incidence of C.difficile colonization and infection,particularly among hospital inpatients prescribed antibiotics.However,there is no such data available in Indonesia,mainly at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.Methods & Materials: A surveillance-based prospective cohort study was conducted on 96 inpatients prescribed antibiotics at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during the study period. All patient was followed-up for 5-7 days hospitalization. We obtained rectal swabs or stool samples on admission and day 5-7 of hospitalization and performed a rapid chromatography test C.DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE TM to determine colonization or infection. Incidence of non-toxigenic colonization was defined as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/-into GDH/toxin + /-as the second result. Incidence of toxigenic colonization was defined as as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/-into GDH/toxin + / + as the second result. Incidence of infection was defined as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/-into GDH/toxin + / + as the second result, accompanied by one or more C.difficile infection-associated clinical symptoms.Results: A total of 96 subjects were included in the study; 13, 8 and 9 had a non-toxigenic colonization, toxigenic colonization, and infection, respectively. 11 subjects with clinical symptoms could not be determined whether they had a C.difficile infection because of the "toxin-negative" findings from their stool examination (2 subjects had non-toxigenic colonization and 9 subjects had neither colonization nor infection). Conclusion:The incidence of C.difficile colonization was 22%, which 14% (95% CI 13-16) was the incidence of non-toxigenic colonization and 8% (95% CI 7-10) was the incidence of toxigenic colonization. The incidence of C.difficile infection was 9% (95% CI 8-11).