The problem of disinfection is one of the most urgent problems of surgery. A significant number of postoperative complications is caused by quick propagation and appearance of new species of antibiotic-resistant strains and by a decrease in the immunological reactivity (both general and local) of the human body.The bactericidal properties of hypochlorons acid have long been known. It is widely used for disinfection. Salts of hypochlorous acid (hypochlorites) have never been used in clinical practice because of excessive amounts of impurities and chloride ions in the commercially available preparations of hypochlorite. However, sodium hypochlorite obtained by electrolysis of an NaCI solution was considered as a promising disinfectant.The first studies of electrochemical oxidation based on sodium hypochlorite obtained by electrolysis were performed by Academician Yu. M. Lopukhin. He studied functions of liver cytochrome P-450 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme of neutrophilic leukocytes. Neutrophils function as bactericides. Stimulation of neutrophils damages tissues and cells adjacent to them. This destroys erythrocytes, thrombocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, inactivates enzymes, modifies protein structures, and oxidizes lipids.The bactericidal activity of stimulated neutrophils is caused by active oxygen species produced by these cells. Stimulated neutrophils produce superoxide anion-radicals of oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical.The bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes is due to the MPO--H20 2 enzyme system and one of the oxidized cofactors (chlorine, bromine, or iodine ions). This system can produce active derivatives of haloids (hypochlorites, hypobromites, hypoiodites), which are strong oxidants. It is assumed that after adsorption of MPO at the surface of a microorganism, these products of catalysis attack the bacterial cell. It is found that the main product of catalytic activity of MPO is hypochlorite (28%). Hypochlorite is produced as a result of interaction between hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion [2]. This is presumably why exogenous hypochlorite is an efficient disinfectant, having an oxidizing bactericidal function similar to that of neutrophilic leukocytes.Sodium hypochlorite obtained electrochemically from an aqueous NaC1 solution is a perfect carrier of active oxygen. Sodium hypochlorite is produced using Pt-coated titanium electrodes of different size and configuration. There are various modifications of electrolyzers with various optimal voltammetric and time characteristics [1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13].Aqueous NaCI solution is dissociated by electrolysis into sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen. The following reactions take place at the anode: CI-+ I'-I + + OH--2e ---CIO-+ 2H +, and at the cathode: 2H + + 2OH-+ 2e --, H 2 ? + 2OH-. The concentration of sodium hypochlorite in this solution is estimated from the amount of free chlorine, which is measured by iodometric titration.It is found experimentally that the cont...
Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТАЗагрязнение поверхностных вод происходит в результате сброса городских стоков в водные объекты. Их оперативное выявление возможно с помощью различных методов экспрессконтроля. Для изучения информативности оптических экспресс-методов проанализированы характеристики сточной воды (из канализационных колодцев Политехнического университета), речных вод (Невы, незагрязненной части Охты и Харвази) и водопроводной воды (СПб) по следующим параметрам: ХПК, БПК 5 , содержание общего органического углерода (ТОС), общего азота; оптическая плотность при 254 нм (D 254 ), относительный параметр SUVA 254 ; интенсивность флуоресценции (I) при длине волны возбуждения 230 и 270 нм, длинах волн регистрации 300, 320, 350, 420 нм. Наибольшие значения D 254 и концентрации органических примесей (оцениваемые по ХПК, БПК 5 , ТОС) в сточных водах отмечаются для проб с большим содержанием хозяйственно-бытовых стоков (корпуса со столовой, общежитием), наименьшие -для стоков гаража, автомойки, учебных корпусов и спорткомплекса. Для сточных вод D 254 может быть ниже или выше, чем для речных вод в зависимости от концентрации органических примесей. При 300-350 нм I для проб сточных вод с высоким ТОС (от 24 до 121 мг/л) была выше, чем в изученных речных водах, что делает этот параметр информативным для экспресс-анализа. Соотношение между I белкового типа (300-350 нм) и I гуминового типа (420 нм) отличается еще большей информативностью, поскольку оно в сточных водах (независимо от ТОС) выше, чем в речной воде.Ключевые слова: сточные воды, поверхностные воды, органические примеси воды, SUVA 254 , флуоресценция, мониторинг.Введение. В городах России актуальна проблема загрязнения поверхностных вод. Одной из ее причин является сброс сточных вод в водные объекты. В Санкт-Петербурге около 98 % сточных вод поступает в канализацию и направляется на очистку. Ведется строительство новых коллекторов, что позволит канализовать стоки со всей территории города, тем самым ликвидировать прямые выпуски стоков в водные объекты и, следовательно, улучшить экологическую ситуацию в Неве и ее притоках [1-3].
Number concentration of colloidal particles and concentration of several drinking water contaminants (iron, aluminium, AOX) were determined in river water, water treated at WTP, tap water and their filtrates (pore diameter of filter 60 nm). It was shown that almost all AOX were present in highly disperse state (less than 60 nm), 55...90% of iron and 55...80% of aluminium belonged to impurities with size over 60 nm. Changes of contaminants state and concentration were explained by influence of water treatment processes and corrosion of steel water distribution pipes.
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