Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with numerous conditions including hypo-secretion of digestive enzymes. This study investigated the morphology, secretory function (alpha-amylase release) and acyl lipid contents in the isolated parotid gland of STZ-induced diabetic and age-matched control rats in order to provide insights into diabetes-induced salivary insufficiency. The techniques employed included light microscopy, colourimetric and gas chromatography (GC) analysis, respectively. Diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg per kg body weight). Control animals were injected with a similar volume of citrate buffer. The animals were tested for DM 4 days after STZ injection and 2 months later when they were humanely killed for the experiment. The morphological results showed diabetic parotid glands to be extensively infiltrated with lipid droplets of various magnitudes, whereas glands from control animals display normal structure with the absence of lipid droplets. The analysis of parotid secretory function revealed a significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent decrease in alpha-amylase release in response to noradrenaline (NA) in STZ-treated glands when compared to age-match control parotid glands. Furthermore, the levels of acyl lipids (16:0, 16:1, 18:0 and 18:1) in diabetic parotid glands was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced compared to control glands, along with a reduced ratio of 16:1/16:0. The results indicate DM can elicit changes in the morphology, secretory function and acyl fatty acid quantity in the isolated rat parotid gland.