In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Dutch economy experienced a fresh take-off. Up-to-date steamships plied the shipping routes to the Netherlands East Indies; in the Netherlands the network of railways and canals was greatly expanded; modern insurance companies, commercial banks and other financial institutions were founded. The resultant growing need for external capital led to a new legal form of financing, the joint-stock or limited liability company, and the 1870s and 1880s saw the establishment of a relatively large number of newly founded companies of this type. Generally speaking, these companies represented business activities with a long-standing tradition in Dutch economic life: trade, banking and transportation. The economic take-off was also reflected in the growing number of joint-stock companies pursuing economic activities in colonial Indonesia, often with their headquarters in the Indonesian Archipelago itself. According to J. à Campo the number of such newly founded corporations was more than hundred for each year after 1896, reaching its highest level in 1910, when no less than 326 were founded.
Geyls bekende uitspraak dat de geschiedenis 'een discussie zonder einde' is, schijnt nog steeds het meest gebruikte citaat onder Nederlandse historici te zijn 1 . Helaas brengen de Nederlandse historici Geyls aforisme zelden in praktijk, tot wanhoop van de historiograaf en geschiedtheoreticus. Gebrek aan debat dreef Lorenz bijvoorbeeld al snel over de grenzen bij het schrijven van zijn dissertatie. Naar Duitsland, waar de historici het bijna permanent met elkaar oneens zijn 2 . Toen Lorenz zijn dissertatie in 1987 publiceerde, was er echter een heus debat gaande onder Nederlandse historici over de vraag of er al dan niet een Nederlandse variant van het modern imperialisme bestaan had. Zo'n felle Historikerstreit als die welke gelijktijdig in Duitsland gevoerd werd over de uniciteit van de holocaust was het debat niet. Gelukkig stond er bij een eventueel Nederlands imperialisme veel minder op het spel. Maar het was toch een echt historisch debat, waaraan men alle theoretische en methodologische vraagstukken die Lorenz in zijn dissertatie voor de Duitse geschiedenis uitwerkte, zou kunnen toetsen.Het debat was in 1970 heel voorzichtig geopend met het congres van het Nederlands Historisch Genootschap over 'de Nederlandse expansie in Indonesië in de tijd van het moderne imperialisme 1870-1914', een titel waar niemand aanstoot aan kon nemen . Het debat leent zich dus inmiddels voor een historiografische en geschiedtheoretische evaluatie.Het is echter maar de vraag of men die taak veilig aan één van de deelnemers aan het debat kan toevertrouwen, zoals de BMGN-redactie in dit geval deed. Is dat niet zoiets als een alcoholicus uitnodigen om een pleidooi voor de blauwe knoop te houden? Na enige aarzeling heeft ondergetekende toch besloten de eervolle uitnodiging aan te nemen. Het biedt namelijk een mooie gelegenheid de rol van waarnemer met die van deelnemer te combineren, zoals Lorenz de twee centrale uitgangsposities in historiografie heeft aangeduid. Om ongelukken te voorkomen zal de waarnemer het echter steeds in de derde persoon over de deelnemer hebben. Voor de auteur een beetje schizofreen, maar voor de lezer wel zo duidelijk.
In their impressive new study on British imperialism, Cain and Hopkins mention ‘the desultory negotiations sharing out the Dutch and Portuguese empires should they collapse’ between Britain and Germany at the turn of the century. In the corresponding note, however, they substantiate only the well known negotiations on the Portuguese empire and not those mysterious talks on the Dutch empire. It is one of only a few instances where Cain's and Hopkins’ 2,500 well-documented footnotes do not fully explain their 850 pages of thick description and analysis. Their suggestion of an Anglo-German understanding to divide the Dutch East Indies if necessary, however, does strike some raw nerves among Dutch contemporaries. In the official and unofficial minds of Dutch imperialism, there was a strong fear that die Netherlands could lose their large colonial empire to the great powers. In that case the Netherlands would be reduced to the ‘rank of Denmark’, to a ‘farm at the North Sea’. But this imperial fear was connected with the high hopes that the Netherlands could indeed become the ‘first among the nations of the second rank’, a real middle power, because of its vast colonial empire.
In a pioneering article, titled ‘Colonialism and Human Rights, A Contradiction in Terms?’ the American historian Conklin established in 1998 that France not only violated human rights in West Africa about 1900, but also promoted them for a small African elite, both in intended and unintended ways. For colonial Indonesia about 1900 the British historian Ricklefs observed in more general terms a similiar human rights balance. In this article this rough human rights balance is elaborated in more detail and for a longer period in comparative perspective. The case of the Netherlands Indies is compared to British India, French Indochina and independent Thailand during the 19th and 20th centuries. Both the human rights violations during colonial conquest and the limited promotion of political and civil rights and education could be specified in rather exact terms. But for social and economic rights GNP figures had to be chosen as main indicator. In general, British India took the lead in the promotion of political and civil rights and education, and independent Thailand in economic development, while the Netherlands Indies occupied a middle position and French Indochina lagged behind in both respects. In comparative perspective, education proved to be a crucial human right, opening the way to eventual selfdetermination.
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