Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is a frequent condition, but in most instances, the precise cause is unknown. We here review the evidence of a genetic aetiology of VUR, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, with variable expression. We discuss the possible pathogenetic relationship between VUR and other types of uropathies and possible strategies towards the identification of genes underlying VUR are presented. The isolation of the gene(s) responsible for uropathies will not only lead to a better insight into the embryology of the urological system, the pathogenesis of uropathies, but also to a renewed interest from clinicians in congenital uropathies.

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This article deals with the process of canon formation for Flemish and Dutch painters from the 17th century onwards. We examine how the essential art-historical treatises and art encyclopedias since Houbraken's Grote Schouburgh der Nederlandsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen ranked and evaluated the leading painters, based on the attention given to them in these volumes. Using standardized z-scores, we map the relative importance the selected artists received in these publications over the 3 centuries. In doing so, we emphasize the path-dependency and the dimension of time in explaining the endurance of certain artists in the long run. From our research it emanates that the canon of Netherlandish painters is much more volatile than previously assumed."When one does a thing, it appears good, otherwise one would not write it.

Accidental extubation in the prone position is a medical emergency in which quick and low resource demanding airway management is required. Regaining oxygenation is the primary goal, but sometimes intubation may be required to regain oxygenation. Blind intubation through an i-gel® (Intersurgical Ltd, Wokingham, Berkshire, UK) may be a quick and low resource demanding method. However, the success rate of the use of an i-gel as an intubation conduit in the prone position is unknown. This was a prospective study in patients scheduled for lumbar surgery. General anaesthesia was induced in the prone position and an i-gel was inserted. After successful ventilation, up to three attempts at intubation using a VivaSight-SL single-lumen tube (Ambu A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) were performed. The first attempt was blinded for the operator and the patient’s head was in a neutral position. The second attempt was blinded for the operator with the patient’s head rotated laterally. The third attempt was on-screen and allowed various manoeuvres to facilitate intubation. A success rate of 70% was deemed clinically acceptable. The study was terminated early after 14 subjects because the success rate of 70% was not achievable. However, ventilation using the i-gel in the prone position was successful in 13 patients (93%). Intubation was successful in only one patient at the first attempt, one patient at the second attempt and three patients at the third attempt. Overall, the success rate was 36%. Blind intubation using an i-gel as an intubation conduit in the prone position is not recommended. Netherlands Trial Register number NL6387 (NTR7659).

A detailed quantitative analysis assesses the success of party affiliation and personal and constituency economic interests in predicting representatives' voting behavior. These factors prove to be insufficient to explain the shift towards free trade. This article then moves on to a qualitative analysis, which points to the importance of political strategy and ideas in the liberalization of corn tariffs.he 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws in Great Britain has attracted enormous attention in economics, history, and political science. 1 The explanation of this famous episode is still contested, for the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846 by a Conservative government that was backed by a sound majority of Conservatives and aristocratic landowners in Parliament. Repeal therefore seemingly eludes standard theoretical accounts of the formation of commercial policy, which put political survival, pressure groups, and the median voter at center stage. 2