Salinity is ubiquitous abiotic stress factor limiting viticulture productivity worldwide. However, the grapevine is vulnerable to salt stress, which severely affects growth and development of the vine. Hence, it is crucial to delve into the salt resistance mechanism and screen out salt-resistance prediction marker genes; we implicated RNA-sequence (RNA-seq) technology to compare the grapevine transcriptome profile to salt stress. Results showed 2472 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in total in salt-responsive grapevine leaves, including 1067 up-regulated and 1405 down-regulated DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations suggested that many DEGs were involved in various defense-related biological pathways, including ROS scavenging, ion transportation, heat shock proteins (HSPs), pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) and hormone signaling. Furthermore, many DEGs were encoded transcription factors (TFs) and essential regulatory proteins involved in signal transduction by regulating the salt resistance-related genes in grapevine. The antioxidant enzyme analysis showed that salt stress significantly affected the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in grapevine leaves. Moreover, the uptake and distribution of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chlorine (Cl−) in source and sink tissues of grapevine was significantly affected by salt stress. Finally, the qRT-PCR analysis of DE validated the data and findings were significantly consistent with RNA-seq data, which further assisted in the selection of salt stress-responsive candidate genes in grapevine. This study contributes in new perspicacity into the underlying molecular mechanism of grapevine salt stress-tolerance at the transcriptome level and explore new approaches to applying the gene information in genetic engineering and breeding purposes.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of selenium-enriched probiotics on the liver of heat-27 stressed Wistar rats. Ten-week-old male rats were assigned to four groups: control (Con); high 28 temperature (HT); high temperature plus probiotics (HT+P: 10 11 CFU/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus and 29 10 9 CFU/mL Saccharomyces cerevisiae); or high temperature plus selenium-enriched probiotics 30 (HT+SeP: 0.3 mg/kg Se, 10 11 CFU/mL L. acidophilus and 10 9 CFU/mL S. cerevisiae). The HT, HT+P, 31 and HT+SeP groups were maintained at higher ambient temperature (40-42 °C), while the control group 32 were kept at room temperature (25 °C). After 42 days of thermal exposure, blood and liver tissues were 33 collected and analyzed for morphological and molecular markers of liver physiology. The body weight of 34 rats in the HT group decreased but liver weight and live index were increased. Histological examination 35 showed dilation of liver sinusoids and congestion of interstitial veins in HT group. Moreover, the 36 histomorphology of the liver in HT+P and HT+SeP groups was restored, and the serum AST, ALT, ALP, 37LDH and hepatic MDA level decreased significantly, but the serum total protein level and the liver SOD, 38 T-AOC, and GSH-PX activities were increased significantly relative to the HT group. In addition, the 39 mRNA level of Gpx1, SOD1, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 was significantly increased, while the expression level of 40 Bax, IL-6, TNF-α , COX-2, NF-κ B, α -SMA, TGF β 1, Collagen I, HSP70, and HSP90 was 41 significantly decreased in liver tissues after SeP supplementation. We concluded that SeP can protect 42 Wistar rats from oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver fibrosis induced by heat stress.

Background 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which regulates the metabolism of terpenoids in the cytoplasm and determines the type and content of downstream terpenoid metabolites. Results Results showed that grapevine HMGR family has three members, such as VvHMGR1, VvHMGR2, and VvHMGR3. The expression of VvHMGRs in 'Kyoho' has tissue specificity, for example, VvHMGR1 keeps a higher expression, VvHMGR2 is the lowest, and VvHMGR3 gradually decreases as the fruit development. VvHMGR3 is closely related to CsHMGR1 and GmHMGR9 and has collinearity with CsHMGR2 and GmHMGR4. By the prediction of interaction protein, it can interact with HMG-CoA synthase, MVA kinase, FPP/GGPP synthase, diphosphate mevalonate decarboxylase, and participates in the synthesis and metabolism of terpenoids. VvHMGR3 have similar trends in expression with some of the genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and MEP pathways. VvHMGR3 responds to various environmental and phytohormone stimuli, especially salt stress and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. The expression level of VvHMGRs is diverse in grapes of different colors and aroma. VvHMGRs are significantly higher in yellow varieties than that in red varieties, whereas rose-scented varieties showed significantly higher expression than that of strawberry aroma. The expression level is highest in yellow rose-scented varieties, and the lowest in red strawberry scent varieties, especially ‘Summer Black’ and ‘Fujiminori’. Conclusion This study confirms the important role of VvHMGR3 in the process of grape fruit coloring and aroma formation, and provided a new idea to explain the loss of grape aroma and poor coloring during production. There may be an additive effect between color and aroma in the HMGR expression aspect.

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