Due to drastic changes in pollinators between native and invaded habitats, we might expect that pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits of alien plants differ from that in their native ranges.Here, through geometric morphometric tools and phenotypic selection analyses, we examined whether adaptation in flower shape and length occurred in Nicotiana glauca as a response to pollinator selection in contrasting pollination environments. We assessed populations of this plant species in the native range (South America), where plants depend on hummingbird pollination, and in two invaded areas, one where sunbirds act as pollinators (South Africa), and another where nectar feeding birds are absent and reproduction is entirely by autonomous self-pollination (Mallorca, Spain). Corolla length and shape varied significantly among pollination environments.Non-native sites were less variable and their range of variation fell within the native range of variation. Flower length in native populations and in a South African population matched the bill length of their respective pollinators. In contrast with the straight floral tubes in the native range, both non-native areas had significantly curved tubes. Curvature may improve the fit with the curved bills of sunbirds in South Africa (versus straight beaks of hummingbirds) and may enhance selfpollination in Mallorca, but this similarity between invaded areas may equally be due to drift and a shared colonization route. We found spatial variation in selection acting on corolla length but not on corolla shape. Overall, selection patterns were not consistent with floral trait variation. Although some results are consistent with both drift and selection, our study suggests that population divergence in flower shape and length is more likely the result of long-term diversifying pollinatordriven selection, which is difficult to detect by studying a single selection event.

We undertook a panbiogeographic analysis of 23 species of the Epicauta maculata group of America-Epicauta abeona Pinto, Epicauta adspersa (Klug), Epicauta andersoni Werner, Epicauta atomaria (Germar), Epicauta apache Pinto, Epicauta cavernosa (Courbon), Epicauta dilatipennis Pic, Epicauta fulvicornis (Burmeister), Epicauta horni Champion, Epicauta jeffersi Pinto, Epicauta koheleri Denier, Epicauta lizeri Denier, E. maculata (Say), Epicauta magnomaculata Martin, Epicauta minutepunctata Borchmann, Epicauta nigropunctata (Blanchard), Epicauta normalis Werner, Epicauta ocellata (Dugès), Epicauta pardalis LeConte, picauta phoenix Werner, Epicauta pluvialis Borchmann, Epicauta proscripta Werner, Epicauta rubella Denier, and Epicauta ventralis Werner-with the purpose of analyzing the distributional data for taxa, to establish patterns of distribution of an ancestral biota and areas where these groups have interacted. Based on the overlap of 20 individual tracks, four generalized tracks constituted by different numbers of species were identified; two of them are located in the Nearctic region and the Mexican transition zone (tracks "A" and "B"), and the other two are distributed in the Neotropical region and the South America transition zone ("C", "D"). Six nodes were recognized: Two of them are included in the Nearctic Region, node 'I' located in northern USA and node 'II' located in southwestern USA, both at the intersection of the tracks "A" and "B". The other four are included in the Neotropical Region at the intersection of the tracks "C" and "D": Node 'III' is located in Chaco province; node 'IV' is located in Parana Forest province; node 'V' is located in the northwest of Argentina in Puna province, and node 'VI' is located in Monte province.