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Measurements of single-cell ERK activity dynamics provide unique insights in the MAPK network topology. We built genetic circuits consisting of optogenetic actuators activating ERK from different nodes within the MAPK network together with an ERK biosensor to measure single-cell ERK dynamics. Evaluating ERK dynamics induced by different temporal optogenetic inputs, in response to a large number of perturbations, shows that the MAPK network is robust to downregulation of most of its nodes. This robustness emerges in part because of the ERK-RSK2-SOS negative feedback. Bypassing this feedback, by direct activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK submodule, or by RSK2 perturbation, breaks MAPK network robustness. Targeting the RSK2-mediated feedback in a ErbB2-dependent oncogenic signaling model greatly sensitizes ERK to MEK inhibition, allowing efficient ERK activity shutdown within a cell population. Thus, the RSK2-mediated negative feedback is a weak node of the MAPK network whose perturbation enables potent inhibition of ERK.

Fluorescent biosensors routinely yield thousands of single-cell, heterogeneous, multi-dimensional signaling trajectories that are difficult to mine for relevant information. We present CODEX, an approach based on artificial neural networks to guide exploration of time-series datasets and to identify motifs in dynamic signaling states.