The aim of the study was to find out scientific evidence on the possible use of the combined angiotensin II receptor antagonist and neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) in patients with right heart failure (RHF) in the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It has been proven that a lack of neprilysin or its reduced expression in hypoxia leads to exacerbation of pulmonary arterial remodelling (PAR) or pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the mechanism related to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) resulting in the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Such action in the course of COPD can lead to RHF, which would signify noxious effect of this group of drugs. However, the inhibition of neprilysin also inhibits natriuretic peptide metabolism. The representative of this group - brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) - acts as a vasodilator and also exerts an anti-proliferative activity through the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G pathway. Additionally, it causes bronchodilation by inducing the release of acetylcholine from bronchial epithelial cells. This suggests that natriuretic peptides may appear to be a potential treatment agent in patients with cardiac complications and COPD. Their effects associated with the immunosuppression capacity by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators - IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α can bring benefits to patients with acute lung injury caused by pulmonary inflammation during COPD exacerbations. Considering the potentially positive effect of natriuretic peptides in this group of patients, further research is required in this area, which can provide strong scientific data demonstrating the need for introducing ARNI drugs to the treatment of patients with COPD.
Neprilysin inhibitors as a new approach in the treatment of right heart failure in the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Response to the letter of Siniorakis et al.
Pareneteral manifestations of Crohn’s disease (ChLC), apart from the most common skin and joint symptoms include also complications from the respiratory system. In addition chronic pharmacotherapy of ChLC, especially 5-aminosalicylic acid or anti-TNF- α drugs, is associated with possible pulmonologic side effects, sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this study, we describe a patient with ChLC, with a history of pneumocystic pneumonia, who was diagnosed with exfoliative institial pneumonitis as a result of chronic use of mesalazine. This disease is characterized by accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the lumen of the alveoli and intrabepticular septum. The most common etiologic factor is exposure to tobacco smoke. Our patient, non-smoker, was finally diagnosed after lung biopsy and histopathological evaluation. The gradual clinical improvement after mesalazine was an additional factor confirming the etiology of the disease. This side effect of mesalazine is not common but it should be considered in all patient treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid.
Tumorlet is a disease rarely diagnosed in clinical practice. It is characterized by pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) proliferation which invades the bronchiolar basement membrane and forms nodules with a diameter smaller than 5 mm.
Case report: 72-year-old female patient was suffered for many years from progressive dyspnea and coughing with evidence of pulmonary fibrosis on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). As a result of a lung biopsy, based on immunohistochemical tests, a 2 mm cluster of neuroendocrine cells (NEC) was found and it was diagnosed as tumorlet. Due to a long-term, insidious progress of the disease, as well as sex and age of the patient, the case emphasizes that differential diagnosis should include tumorlet as well as diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) as a more extensive manifestation of neuroendocrine cell proliferation in the respiratory tract.
Celem niniejszej pracy było znalezienie danych naukowych na temat tego, czy stosowanie połączenia antagonistów receptorów angiotensyny II i inhibitorów neprylizyny (ARNI) byłoby uzasadnione u osób chorych na prawokomorową niewydolność serca (PNS) w przebiegu przewlekłej obturacyjnej choroby płuc (POChP). Wykazano że w warunkach hipoksji brak neprylizyny bądź jej zmniejszona ekspresja prowadzi do nasilenia remodelingu naczyń płucnych (PAR) oraz nadciśnienia płucnego (NP) w mechanizmie zależnym od płytkopochodnego czynnika wzrostu, powodującym proliferację i migrację komórek mięśni gładkich tętnic płucnych oraz transformację śródbłonkowo-mezenchymalną (EndoMT). Takie działanie w przebiegu POChP może prowadzić do PNS, co przemawiałoby za szkodliwym działaniem tej grupy leków. Jednak inhibicja neprylizyny powoduje także zahamowanie metabolizmu peptydu natriuretycznego. Przedstawiciel tej grupy—mózgowy peptyd natriuretyczny—działa antyproliferacyjne poprzez szlak zależny od cGMP i kinazę białkową G, a także wazodylatacyjnie. Dodatkowo wywołuje bronchodylatację poprzez indukcję uwalniania acetylocholiny z komórek nabłonka oskrzeli. Sugeruje to, że peptydy natiuretyczne mogą zaistnieć jako potencjalne leczenie u chorych na POChP z powikłaniami sercowymi. Ich działanie związane ze zdolnością do immunosupresji poprzez obniżenie uwalniania mediatorów reakcji zapalnej—IL-6, IL-1β oraz TNF-α może przynieść korzyści pacjentom z ostrym uszkodzeniem płuc spowodowanym ich zapaleniem w zaostrzeniach POChP. Biorąc pod uwagę potencjalnie pozytywne działanie peptydów natriuretycznych w tej grupie pacjentów, konieczne są dalsze badania w tym zakresie, które mogą dostarczyć silnych danych naukowych przemawiających za koniecznością włączenia leków z grupy ARNI do terapii pacjentów z POChP.
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