Objective: To assess the deliberate use of a parental presence/absence (PPA) intervention as a behaviormanagement technique to manage uncooperative children as well as its association with age. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at department of Paediatric dentistry, Rehman College ofDentistry, Peshawar, from Jan to Apr 2019. Methodology: Practice patient records were examined over a period of 3 months, during which Frankel behavior ratings were made for each patient. About 2 to 14 years olds were included in the study who had no previous dental treatment, accompanying by their parents. Sixty one children were selected out of 200 who showed uncooperative behavior Frankl 1 and Frankel 2. Their parents were asked to step out of the operatory until the patient become cooperative. Result: The study included 61 children out of 200 who showed uncooperative behavior according to Frankel‟sbehavior rating scale. The result showed significance in age group 4-6year, kinder garden (p=0.035). Conclusion: The Parental Presence/Absence technique (PPA) can be successfully used in gaining the cooperation of children displaying negative behavior aged 4-6, thus minimizing the need for other more aversive Behavior management techniques (BMT‟s).

Background: Dental caries is the single most common disease in children that has no pharmacological treatment. Global population exhibit some evidence of tooth decay affecting both genders, all races, socioeconomic status and age groups. Good oral health of early childhood has a vital role in overall health of school children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine association of weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) with early childhood caries (ECC) among primary school children of Peshawar. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Different Schools of Hayatabad, Peshawar. Period: Four months (January-April 2019). Material and Methods: Total of 240 school children, having sound heath with no systemic disease were included in the study. Children’s weight and height were recorded and body mass index (BMI) was converted to z-scores and percentiles. The association of ECC with BMI, height and weight was determined. Results: The mean age, weight, height, body mass index, dmfs and Z-score was 5.3±0.79 years, 20.34±3.75 kg, 3.47±0.246 feet, 18.06±4.08 kg/m2, 14.84±15.73, and 1.14±1.22 respectively. The association of early childhood caries among primary school children was not significant with age (P=0.424), height (P=0.622) and gender (P=0.061). The association was highly statistically significant with BMI (P<0.001). Conclusion: Children with higher ECC scores were significantly associated with BMI.