Purpose of Review To identify and review the latest research on the connections between breakfast and school-related outcomes in children and adolescents in the US, and to explore the implications of this research on US school nutrition policy, particularly as it applies to students experiencing or at risk for food insecurity. Recent Findings Although school personnel, parents, and students have positive attitudes about breakfast and its benefits for learning, recent research finds mixed evidence for the role of breakfast in improving objectively measured grades and test scores. Few recent studies examined behavioral outcomes, limiting the ability to draw clear conclusions about breakfast and school behavior. Several studies observed improved attendance with increased school breakfast access and participation, especially when schools offered breakfast at no cost to all students. Summary There are many challenges to studying the connections between breakfast and learning. The recent research on breakfast and academic outcomes is mixed, but there is a growing body of evidence that eliminating fees for both school breakfast and lunch has promise for improving school-related outcomes.

Extant literature has emphasized the role of significant inconveniences for participants as a chief reason for under-enrollment in a variety of social safety net programs. Consequently, a variety of policies have been proposed to address this issue. This paper asserts that the capacity of states, especially of frontline workers, to implement these policies should not be taken for granted. Our analysis of two policies aimed at increasing elderly participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program suggests that policies that increased burdens for frontline workers were implemented less faithfully and more unevenly, possibly leading to more administrative burden on program participants. The article proposes several methods to decrease implementation burden on frontline workers.

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