Smoking-cue-exposure research offers a powerful method to examine craving, test new interventions, and identify at-risk smokers. Meta-analyses consistently show smoking-cue exposure increases craving levels. By focusing on mean levels, however, investigators fail to consider person-centered analyses addressing the percentage of smokers responding to cue exposure with increased urge. We conducted preregistered analyses of the percentages of 672 nicotine-deprived daily smokers (pooled from seven studies) who reported target levels of urge before and during smoking-cue exposure. Sixty-nine percent of smokers increased their ratings during cue exposure. Note that 31% of nonresponders reported a maximal urge before cue exposure, which precluded their classification as a responder using traditional cue-reactivity analyses and suggests that traditional analyses underreport cue-reactivity effects. An alternative, peak-provoked-craving analysis revealed the effectiveness of cue exposure to generate potent urges (more than three quarters of the sample reported at least 70% of scale maximum). Further research integrating person-centered analyses into the craving literature promises to advance addiction theory and research.

No abstract

No abstract

Responses to olfactory cues hold significant practical implications. For instance, emerging research reveals that strategic administration of pleasant olfactory cues can support positive health and well‐being outcomes. The underlying assumption is that pleasantness of odor perception stimulates various downstream benefits. However, olfactory responses vary across individuals and identifying who is most receptive to positive olfactory effects remains an important objective. One key factor may be the perceiver's mood. This study evaluated the association between natural mood state and subjective pleasantness ratings to normatively positive odors. In two experimental sessions, 232 participants with intact olfactory function rated their current mood and the pleasantness of six odorants. Across sessions, individuals with more positive baseline moods rated the odors as being more pleasant than did those with lower baseline mood scores. These findings suggest that individual differences in natural occurring mood should be considered in research examining the positive effects of olfactory cues. Practical Applications Pleasant olfactory cues show great potential for interventional research design within sensory science; however, there is little research examining how individual differences may impact the perception and effectiveness of odors. Our data demonstrate that baseline mood state is directly associated with the hedonic perception of pleasant odors. These findings illustrate that individual mood state may be essential to consider for basic research, applied, and consumer sensory panel testing of odor hedonics, and further suggest that inherent mood may influence the degree to which smelling normatively pleasant odors may enhance mental and physical health outcomes.

Rapport plays a key role in small group interaction, yet there remain gaps in understanding the construct. The current study examined whether initial group rapport among triads of strangers could predict later social bonding and group emotion. Results indicated that initial group rapport reliably predicted subsequent social bonding and emotional experience across multiple measures. These findings support use of global thin slice rapport measures in small groups. Further, they suggest that rapport can be assessed reliably within the first minute of meeting and that ratings of group experience in just this first minute offer valuable insight into subsequent group formation.