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Background:The newly available medications are ineffective because of their unintended side effects in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Hence, search drugs, from plant sources. β-sitosterol is plant sterols with structurally almost like that of cholesterol. It is widely present in various medicinal plants. Although the sterol it was shown to possess antihyperglycemic activity, the mechanism of action of the plant sterol on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance in gastrocnemius muscle is not yet determined. Objectives: To the assessment of the beneficial role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin-signaling molecules within the skeletal muscle of HFD-fed and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The effective oral β-sitosterol dose (20 mg/kg of body weight) was administered once daily until the conclusion of the research period. (30 days post-induction of diabetes) to HFD-fed diabetic rats. At the end of a period of experiment, fasting blood sugar (FBG), oral glucose (OGT) and tolerances (IT), Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (LPO), peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and hydroxyl (OH*) generation, antioxidant enzymes as well as the levels of insulin signaling molecules like insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter subtype 4 (GLUT4) proteins and glycogen concentration within the gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. Results: A diabetic rat indicates impaired tolerances for glucose and insulin and molecules signaling insulin (IR and GLUT4) proteins and glycogen concentration. In diabetic rats, serum insulin, lipid profile, LPO, H 2 O 2 , OH* has been found to be increased. The β-sitosterol treatment stabilized altered blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, lipid profile, markers of oxidative stress, IR and GLUT4 protein levels. Conclusion: Our current findings suggest that β-sitosterol enhances Glycemic regulation in the gastrocnemius muscle by IR and GLUT4 activation of HFD-fed and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

It is known that the recovery period after laparoscopic surgery is quicker than open surgery. Therefore, it is important to know the variations of the renal calyceal pattern prior to the laparoscopic surgery during renal surgeries. We analyzed the calyceal system in kidney donors using 64-Slice Computed Tomography Angiography. A total 99 healthy kidney donors were included to study the pattern of pelvicalyceal pattern and to classify further into bi-calyceal, tri-calyceal and multi-calyceal. This study found that bi-calyceal pattern is the most common pattern and further this pattern was more in right side in males and left side in females. The numbers of minor calyces were significantly more in right multi-calyceal pattern than left multi-calyceal, tri-calyceal and bi-calyceal patterns. The association of occurrence in these patterns was significant in males with strong association and insignificant in females. A detailed description of intrarenal arterial patternand its relationship with calyceal pattern could give great significance in renal transplantation and also for other urological procedures.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is linked with Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Therefore it is of interest to document data on the molecular docking analysis of VEGF with compounds from tomato for consideration drug discovery. Data shows that compounds Kaempferol-3-O, Quercetin, Naringenin & Rutin show optimal binding.