In this paper, closed loop nonlinear control of a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated flexible needle is presented. Merits of different modalities of sensory feedbacks are studied. In order to track the given desired trajectory, the actual position of the needle tip is controlled using three different feedback signals (i) Vision, (ii) Electromagnetic (EM), and (iii) Ultrasound (US) imaging feedback signals are considered independently. From the experimental results it appeared that the EM sensor feedback control of the flexible needle has the best tracking performance compared to the other two feedbacks.  Index Terms-first term, second term, third term, fourth term, fifth term, sixth term

This paper describes the Multiagent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology. MaSE is a general purpose, methodology for developing heterogeneous multiagent systems. MaSE uses a number of graphically based models to describe system goals, behaviors, agent types, and agent communication interfaces. MaSE also provides a way to specify architecture-independent detailed definition of the internal agent design. An example of applying the MaSE methodology is also presented.

A registered product biozyme is extracted from a Norwegian Sea weed known as Ascophyllum nodosum. It is biodegradable and non-toxic for the plant and soil health as claimed by Biostadt company. Beside biozyme, several other zymes are also available in the market with some prefixes in the name. They claim, the zyme is toxin free, eco-friendly, bio degradable product containing growth hormones, elements, minerals and vitamins. Highly compatible with fertilizers and pesticides, it also increases the resistance of plants against various pests, diseases and climatic stress. These zymes are available in solid and liquid form and are being used as either top dressing or spraying on the crop canopy at important crop growth stages. As per some earlier studies, biozyme have claimed to have beneficial in crop growth both in vegetative part as well as in grain production. Keeping in view of its importance a field trial was formulated and being conducted in research farm of Bihar Agricultural University Bhagalpur (Bihar) to see the impact of Biozyme on the yield and soil microbes.

This paper describes the Multiagent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology. MaSE is a general purpose, methodology for developing heterogeneous multiagent systems. MaSE uses a number of graphically based models to describe system goals, behaviors, agent types, and agent communication interfaces. MaSE also provides a way to specify architecture-independent detailed definition of the internal agent design. An example of applying the MaSE methodology is also presented.

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a promising renewable energy technology that uses the heat stored in the Earth’s crust to generate electricity. In EGS, water is injected into a well drilled into a hot rock to create a network of fractures through which water can circulate and pick up heat. The main challenge of EGS is to develop and maintain these fractures to allow the efficient circulation of water. This review paper examines the use of backfilling materials in EGS to improve water circulation and increase energy extraction. Various backfilling materials are discussed, including proppants, particulate materials, and chemical additives. The effects of backfilling on the mechanical and thermal properties of the reservoir rock are also examined. Finally, case studies of EGS projects that have used backfilling materials are reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness