In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.

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Transition metal based layered double hydroxides are important energy storage materials. The overall performances of the electrodes are dependent on conductivity, crystallinity, morphology, and surface area.

The encapsulation of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with an inert protective layer against moisture and the environment is a promising approach to overcome hinderances for their practical use in optoelectronic...

2D/3D hybrid cell culture systems are constructed by increasing the temperature of the thermogelling poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(l‐alanine) diblock copolymer (PEG‐l‐PA) aqueous solution in which tonsil tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are suspended, to 37 °C. The cells exhibit spherical cell morphologies in 2D/3D hybrid culture systems of GO/PEG‐l‐PA and rGO/PEG‐l‐PA by using the growth medium. The cell proliferations are 30%–50% higher in the rGO/PEG‐l‐PA hybrid system than in the GO/PEG‐l‐PA hybrid system. When chondrogenic culture media enriched with TGF‐β3 is used in the 2D/3D hybrid systems, cells extensively aggregate, and the expression of chondrogenic biomarkers of SOX 9, COL II A1, COL II, and COL X significantly increases in the GO/PEG‐l‐PA 2D/3D hybrid system as compared with the PEG‐l‐PA 3D systems and rGO/PEG‐l‐PA 2D/3D hybrid system, suggesting that the GO/PEG‐l‐PA 2D/3D hybrid system can be an excellent candidate as a chondrogenic differentiation platform of the stem cell. This paper also suggests that a 2D/3D hybrid system prepared by incorporating 2D materials with various surface biofunctionalities in the in situ forming 3D hydrogel matrix can be a new cell culture system.