Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) reduces delay discounting (DD; preference for smaller, immediate rewards) and various maladaptive behaviors. Exploring potential personalization of EFT to optimize its ability to alter DD and demand for unhealthy reinforcers is important for the development of interventions targeting long-term improvement and maintenance of health. In this investigation, using 2 separate studies, we examined the effects of EFT with and without a health goal on rates of discounting, demand, and craving for cigarettes and fast food among cigarette smokers and obese individuals, respectively. Using data collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk), Study 1 (N ϭ 189) examined the effect of EFT on DD and measures of cigarette demand and craving in cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, or Episodic Recent Thinking (ERT)general. Study 2 (N ϭ 255), using a 2x2 factorial design, examined the effects of health goals and general EFT on DD and measures of fast food demand and craving in obese individuals who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, ERT-health goal or ERT-general. Health goal EFT was not more effective than general EFT in reducing monetary discounting. However, the addition of a health goal to general EFT was significantly associated with higher effect on intensity and elasticity of demand for cigarettes and fast food compared to EFT without a health goal. These findings suggest that the amplification of future thinking through the inclusion of a health goal may promote healthy decisions and result in positive behavior changes.

Liqa N. Athamneh served as lead for formal analysis, methodology, and writing of the original draft. Roberta Freitas Lemos served in a supporting role for formal analysis and writing of the original draft. Julia C. Basso served in a supporting role for methodology and writing of the original draft. Devin C. Tomlinson served in a supporting role for formal analysis and writing of the original draft. William H. Craft served in a supporting role for formal analysis and writing of original draft. Madison D. Stein served in a supporting role for formal analysis, writing of the original draft, and writing review and editing. Warren K. Bickel served as lead for conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, and validation and served in a supporting role for writing of the original draft.