A B S T R A C TThe surface albedo plays an important role in the exchanges of energy and mass in the planetary boundary layer. Therefore, changes in albedo affect the balance of radiation and energy at the surface, which can be detected with its monitoring. Albedo determination has been performed through various sensors, but there is not yet any publication dealing with albedo calculation procedures using OLI (Operational Land Imager) -Landsat 8 images. The objective of the study is to present the procedures for computing the albedo with OLI images and map it in irrigated areas of the São Gonçalo Irrigated District, PB, Brazil. Images of the year 2013, path 215 and row 65, were selected. The data necessary for calculating the albedo were extracted from each image metadata: additive and multiplicative terms of radiance and reflectance, and sun elevation angle. There were large differences between the albedo values of irrigated plots, water bodies and native vegetation. The albedo obtained with OLI images provides a higher degree of differentiation of the various types of land use, due to the substantial increase in the radiometric resolution of this new sensor.Procedimentos para cômputo do albedo com imagens OLI-Landsat 8: Aplicação ao semiárido brasileiro R E S U M O O albedo da superfície desempenha papel importante nas trocas de energia e massa na camada limite planetária. Neste sentido, alterações no albedo modificam os balanços de radiação e energia à superfície, que podem ser detectadas com seu monitoramento. A determinação do albedo tem sido feita através de diversos sensores mas ainda não foram publicados procedimentos de cálculo do mesmo com imagens do OLI (Operational Land Images) do Landsat 8. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar, em detalhes, procedimentos de cômputo do albedo com imagens OLI e mapear o mesmo em áreas do perímetro irrigado São Gonçalo, PB. Foram selecionadas imagens do ano 2013, órbita e ponto 215 e 65, respectivamente. Os dados necessários ao cômputo do albedo foram extraídos do meta dados de cada imagem, quais sejam: termos aditivo e multiplicativo da radiância e reflectância das bandas de 2 a 7 e ângulo de elevação do Sol. Verificaram-se grandes diferenças entre os valores do albedo das parcelas irrigadas, corpos d'água e de vegetação nativa. Concluise que o albedo obtido com as imagens OLI apresenta maior grau de diferenciação dos diversos tipos de uso da terra, resultado do aumento substancial da resolução radiométrica deste novo sensor.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a evapotranspiração real (ETr) e determinar o volume de água utilizado no projeto de irrigação de São Gonçalo, PB, no Semiárido brasileiro, com auxílio do sensoriamento remoto. Foram adquiridas imagens TM/Landsat 5 da área em estudo, em 2008, que foram utilizadas na obtenção dos mapas temáticos da ETr diária. Selecionaram-se dois pomares de coqueiro-anão para validação dos resultados da evapotranspiração obtida com o "surface energy balance algorithm for land" (ET Sebal ) e com o método FAO-56 (ET FAO ). Para determinação da ET FAO , utilizou-se o produto entre o coeficiente de cultura, o coeficiente de ajuste e a evapotranspiração de referência. As diferenças obtidas, com uso das duas técnicas, resultaram em raiz do erro quadrado médio, erro relativo médio e erro absoluto médio iguais a 0,53 mm, 9,46% e 0,43 mm, respectivamente. Nas áreas irrigadas, a ETr representou 85% do saldo de radiação e, nas de sequeiro, apenas 12,5%. O mapeamento da ETr delimitou claramente as áreas irrigadas das de sequeiro, bem como as diferenças existentes no interior do perímetro irrigado do projeto em investigação. O volume de água empregado no projeto de irrigação representa, somente no período de julho a dezembro, mais de 60% da capacidade do açude de São Gonçalo.Termos para indexação: albedo, Landsat 5, saldo de radiação, temperatura da superfície. Evapotranspiration and assessment of water consumed in irrigated area of the Brazilian Semiarid Region by remote sensingAbstract -The objective of this work was to map the actual evapotranspiration (ETr) and to determine the volume of water used in the irrigation project of São Gonçalo, PB, in the Brazilian Semiarid Region, using remote sensing. TM/Landsat 5 images were acquired from the study area, in 2008, and were used to obtain thematic maps of daily ETr. Two dwarf coconut crops were selected for validation of the results of evapotranspiration obtained by the surface energy balance algorithm for land (ET Sebal ) and the FAO-56 method (ET FAO ). In order to determine ET FAO , the product between the culture coefficient, the adjustment coefficient, and the reference evapotranspiration was used. The differences obtained by the two techniques resulted in root mean square error, mean relative error, and mean absolute error equal to 0.53 mm, 9.46%, and 0.43 mm, respectively. In the irrigated areas, ETr represented about 85% of net radiation and, in rainfed plots, only 12.5%. The mapping of ETr clearly delimitated the irrigated and nonirrigated plots, as well as the differences within the irrigated perimeter of the project under investigation. The volume of water applied in the irrigation project, only in the period from July to December, represents more than 60% of the capacity of the São Gonçalo reservoir.
Freshwater scarcity has increased at an alarming rate worldwide; improved water management plays a vital role in increasing food production and security. This study aims to determine the water footprint of Brazil's national food consumption, the virtual water flows associated with international trade in the main agricultural commodities, as well as water scarcity, water self-sufficiency and water dependency per Brazilian region. While previous country studies on water footprints and virtual water trade focused on virtual water importers or water-scarce countries, this is the first study to concentrate on a water-abundant virtual water-exporting country. Besides, it is the first study establishing international virtual water trade balances per state, which is relevant given the fact that water scarcity varies across states within the country, so the origin of virtual water exports matters. The results show that the average water footprint of Brazilian food consumption is 1619 m 3 /person/year. Beef contributes most (21%) to this total. We find a net virtual water export of 54.8 billion m 3 /year, mainly to Europe, which imports 41% of the gross amount of the virtual water exported from Brazil. The northeast, the region with the highest water scarcity, has a net import of virtual water. The southeast, next in terms of water scarcity, shows large virtual water exports, mainly related to the export of sugar. The north, which has the most water, does not show a high virtual water export rate.
ResumoO presente estudo objetiva determinar Regiões homogêneas do SPI-6 na Amazônia Oriental e analisar as principais características dos eventos secos e chuvosos em cada região. Para o cálculo do SPI, utilizou-se dados de precipitação de 72 postos pluviométricos distribuídos na Amazônia Oriental. Além disso, aplicou-se o Agrupamento Hierárquico de Ward para determinar as Regiões Homogêneas e a Análise Fatorial em Componentes Principais (ACP) para determinar os principais padrões de variabilidade climáticas associados aos eventos secos e chuvosos. Os resultados obtidos pela Análise de Agrupamento mostraram a existência de três Regiões Homogêneas em relação ao SPI-6: RH-1 (litoral), RH-2 (central) e RH-3 (sul). De modo geral a região do litoral apresentou mais eventos secos que chuvosos. Nas demais regiões (central e sul) a situação é inversa, isto é, existem mais eventos de chuva, porém com pouca duração. Por meio da ACP verificou-se que os eventos secos e chuvosos na Amazônia Oriental estavam associados, principalmente, a variabilidade climática dos oceanos Atlântico (Gradiente do Atlântico) e Pacífico (ENOS). Palavras-chave: Amazônia, precipitação, regiões homogêneas, SPI, ACP. Determination of Homogeneous Precipitation Regions of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in the Eastern Amazon AbstractThis paper aims to determine homogeneous regions of the SPI-6 in the Eastern Amazon and analyze the main characteristics of dry and rainy events in each region. For the calculation of the SPI, we used rainfall data of 72 rainfall stations distributed in the eastern Amazon. Furthermore, were used Ward hierarchical grouping to identify homogeneous regions and the Principal Components Factor Analysis (PCA) to determine the main climate variability patterns associated with dry and rainy events. The results showed three homogeneous regions (HR): HR-1 (coast), HR-2 (central region) and HR-3 (south). Generally, the coastal region showed more dry events than rain. In the other regions (central and south) the situation is reversed, i.e, there are more rain events, but with short duration. The results obtained by PCA showed that the dry and wet events in Eastern Amazonia were associated, mainly, to climate variability associated the Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Dipole) and Pacific Ocean (ENSO).
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