Antimalarial treatment is usually given up to 4 days which reduces the number of parasitemia, but malaria can still occur. Therefore, a study to determine the percentage of parasitemia after drug administration is important. Strychnos ligustrina has been investigated in vitro to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei and reduced the number of parasitemia during 4 days of treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of parasitemia in mice infected with P. berghei after 4 day treatments with S. ligustrina extract. S. ligustrina was extracted by maceration method using Ethanol 25%, 50%, and 75% (E25, E50, E75, respectively), and Aquades (EA). This study used 91 male mice divided into 5 groups: E25, E50, E70, EA, each extract consisted of 3 doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW) and Drug Control (DC). For Drug Control (DC) was using a combination of Dihy-droartemisin dose 25 mg/kg BW and piperaquine phosphate dose 197 mg/kg BW. Mice infected with 1x 106 P. berghei intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken on day 5 after treatment with S. ligustrina extract for 8 days (days 1-8 after treatment). Preparation of blood smear was stained with Giemsa to calculate the percentage of parasitemia by counting the number of infected erythrocytes divided by 500 erythrocytes and multiplied by 100%. The percentages of parasitemia day 7 with 3 kinds of doses of 200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight in E25 (11,54%, 2.60% and 11.54%, respectively), in E50 (3.44%, 0%, 3.81%, respectively), in E75 (19.25%, 0.73 %, 9.75 %, respectively), in EA (0.77%, 4.48%, 8.67%, respectively) and in DC 2.10%. At the stage of schizogony, which is one of the life cycles of malaria found in the liver, this parasite is not visible in the blood circulation. The results showed that P. berghei was still found in the blood of mice after administration of S. ligustrina extracts up to 4 days in all treatments with different percentages of parasitemia. Based on these results it is recommended that the administration of drugs with S. ligustrina extract as antimalarial drugs for more than 4 days.

This study aimed to determine antioxidant activity (AA), sunscreen activity (SA), and phytochemical profiles of G. versteegii leaf extracts from West Java (WJ) and Central Java (CJ) and its phytosome. The samples were extracted using the maceration method with 50% ethanol (E50). The AA of extracts was evaluated using in vitro assay with the 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. The SA of extracts was expressed as a sun protection factor (SPF). The result showed that the E50 extract from WJ was the higher of yield, AA, SPF, and total phenolic content (TPC) about 25.4%, 38.92 μmol-trolox/g (DPPH) and 768.93 μmol-trolox/g (CUPRAC), 14.84 (classified as maximum), and 77.01 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample, respectively. The phytosome formulas were made with different ratios of E50 extract and soy lecithin of F1 (1:2), F2 (1:1), and F3 (2:1). The best phytosome formula was the F2 (ratio of extract: lecithin was 1:1) with the yield, AA, SPF, and TPC was 85.47%, 1535.1 μmol-trolox/g (CUPRAC), 13.74 (classified as maximum), and 174 mg GAE/g, respectively. TPC of the extract and phytosome was positively correlated with AA.

Gyrinops versteegii is one of the agarwood-producing species that is popularly cultivated in Indonesia. This research aimed to determine the yield, in vitro antioxidant and sunscreen activities of G. versteegii leaf phytochemicals (extracts) from the maceration with ethanol solvents at various polarities (E100%, E50%, E0%) and to analyze the total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts. The result shows that the polarity of ethanol affects the yield, antioxidant and sunscreen activities, and TPC of the extract. The E50% dissolved extract is the highest yield (19.14%), antioxidant activity (DPPH and CUPRAC test value are 35.82 and 389.52 μmol trolox/g sample), sunscreen activity (sun protection value is 14.9) and TPC (89.35 mg/g AGE) with TFC 0.485%.