In experimental CHF, FAD286 and spironolactone improve LV haemodynamics, remodelling, and function, but only FAD286 persistently normalizes LV 'redox status'. These results suggest that aldosterone synthase inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CHF.

Long-term HRR induced by ivabradine improves diastolic LV function probably involving attenuated hypoxia, reduced remodeling, and/or preserved nitric oxide bioavailability, resulting from processes triggered early after HRR initiation: angiogenesis and/or preservation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression.

Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists have been associated with fluid retention. It has been suggested that, of the two endothelin receptor subtypes, ET receptors should not be blocked, because of their involvement in natriuresis and diuresis. Surprisingly, clinical data suggest that ET-selective antagonists pose a greater risk of fluid overload than dual antagonists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of each endothelin receptor to fluid retention and vascular permeability in rats. Sitaxentan and ambrisentan as ET-selective antagonists and bosentan and macitentan as dual antagonists were used as representatives of each class, respectively. ET-selective antagonism caused a dose-dependent hematocrit/hemoglobin decrease that was prevented by ET-selective receptor antagonism. ET-selective antagonism led to a significant blood pressure reduction, plasma volume expansion, and a greater increase in vascular permeability than dual antagonism. Isolated vessel experiments showed that ET-selective antagonism increased vascular permeability via ET receptor overstimulation. Acutely, ET-selective but not dual antagonism activated sympathetic activity and increased plasma arginine vasopressin and aldosterone concentrations. The hematocrit/hemoglobin decrease induced by ET-selective antagonism was reduced in Brattleboro rats and in Wistar rats treated with an arginine vasopressin receptor antagonist. Finally, the decrease in hematocrit/hemoglobin was larger in the venous than in the arterial side, suggesting fluid redistribution. In conclusion, by activating ET receptors, endothelin receptor antagonists (particularly ET-selective antagonists) favor edema formation by causing: 1) fluid retention resulting from arginine vasopressin and aldosterone activation secondary to vasodilation, and 2) increased vascular permeability. Plasma volume redistribution may explain the clinical observation of a hematocrit/hemoglobin decrease even in the absence of signs of fluid retention.