Background: Treating pain during immunization should be a part of pediatric primary healthcare around the world, as untreated pain in children has short- and long-term consequences. Few studies of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods of pain relief during immunization have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Finding pain-mitigating interventions that are low-cost, effective, and feasible across all settings, including with low-resourced settings could improve primary healthcare. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral sucrose versus breastfeeding as methods of pain management during immunization of infants through 6 months of age. Methods: A randomized controlled experimental design was used; 120 infants were randomly assigned to control, sucrose, or breastfeeding groups. Data were collected in an Egyptian primary health center. Outcome measures including pain (as per the FLACC pain scale), crying time, and heart rate were measured at three time points. Results: There were significant differences in pain scores and crying duration during and after immunization (p < .001) for the breastfeeding group compared with the sucrose and control groups. Implications for Practice: Health staff and parents need education and support in use of breastfeeding for pain management during immunization. More studies are needed to evaluate effectiveness of breastfeeding versus other pain management methods for managing infants' immunization-related pain.

Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture results from brain damage originating early in life and causes activity limitation, sensory, cognitive, communicative and behavioral problems in children. Nurses have an important role in providing support and ongoing education to the children with cerebral palsy and their parents especially the mothers who are the primary caregivers for their children and also, provide them with adequate knowledge and training about the skills of daily living according to their children's functional level. Aim: Evaluate the effect of an educational intervention for improving mothers' care for their children with cerebral palsy. Method: A quasi-experimental design was used to conduct this study, including 65 mothers having children with cerebral palsy. The tools of data collection were a structured questionnaire sheet and observation checklists. Results: The results of this study clarified that, the majority of the studied mothers had unsatisfactory knowledge before the teaching program while, all of them had satisfactory knowledge about cerebral palsy and care of associated problems in their children after 6 months of the educational program. Also, more than half of the studied mothers had unsatisfactory reported practices before the educational program while, more than two thirds had satisfactory reported practices regarding daily care of their children with cerebral palsy after 6 months of the educational program. In addition, half of the studied mothers had a satisfactory observed practices before the teaching program while, the majority of them had satisfactory observed practices post 6 months of the educational program. There was a statistical significant difference between the total knowledge score and the total practices score of the studied mothers regarding care of children with cerebral palsy. Conclusion: based on the results of the present study and research hypothesis, it is concluded that, the educational program was an effective in improving mothers care for their children with cerebral palsy. Recommendations: Continuous educational programs should be provided for all mothers of children with cerebral palsy about the disease and daily care of their children in all health care settings by qualified and trained nurses.

BackgroundThe prevalence of behavioral problems among preschool children is remarkably increasing in the clinical setting.AimThe current study aimed to investigate the association between media exposure and behavioral problems among preschool children.MethodsThis survey study recruited 560 children from 10 nurseries selected randomly, located in El-Mansoura, Egypt. Tools included socio-demographic characteristics the Media Exposure Questionnaire and the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS-48).ResultsThe participants were exposed to media for an average of 105.84 min per day and displayed moderate levels in all subscales of CBRS-48. The duration of media exposure was significantly correlated to the hyperactivity index, learning problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct problem, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems (r = 0.372, 0.356, 0.323, 0.306, 0.298, 0.291, and 0.255, respectively).ConclusionThe duration of media exposure was significantly correlated to the subscales of CBRS-48.Implication for nursing practicePreschool children should be engaged in concrete activities and social interactions that may lessen negative media effects such as hyperactivity, learning problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct problem, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems.

No abstract